Law of Contract Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Law of Contract Assessment - Essay Example The competency of the parties to the contract is not under question. It is implied that there exists lawful consideration and the lawful object is the plot of land. Legal position of the seller and buyer Based on the validity of the contract, the legal position derived from the contract is fairly defined in this case. The question of building construction is extraneous to the contract, and going by the facts of the case, the performance of the contract is not contingent upon the building permission. This is also strengthened by the fact that the building permission has never been applied for. The statement of Holger made during the course of conversation with Jaki, the manager of SkyReach â€Å"of course, it [building permission by the local planning department] should be no problem. As I understand it, inner city development is a top priority here† is based on the information available to him, which could not be construed as a statement of an expert by a manager in a real est ate company who is expected to be more knowledgeable in the business. The seller of a property should disclose any material defect in the property. Concealing the information would be an act of fraud. It is only Holger’s understanding, and there is no guarantee or concealment involved. Also, â€Å"the plot is restricted to ‘educational purposes’ only† cannot be treated as defect in property as reservation for various purposes is common; SkyReach could not allege concealment of information, and the contract is also not conditional on specific use of the plot. This aspect is extraneous to the contract, and Jaki had a time of one week to verify the position before entering into the contract after his discussions with Holger. Analysis The permission has been rejected on the grounds that the use of the plot is restricted to ‘educational purposes’ only.   A close analysis of the facts of the case reveals that SkyReach has applied for building perm ission as a rightful owner of the property based on the contract, which it can’t renege. Secondly, reservation of the plot for ‘educational purpose’ exists already, which the SkyReach failed to verify. Thirdly, according to the facts of the case, the sale is not conditional with reference to the purpose for which the plot could be used. The sale of real estate property is enforceable by specific performance in the event of a breach of contract. There are defenses available against specific performance which would avoid specific performance, and the only defence that could be remotely considered as an action in equity is, ‘specific performance would cause severe hardship to SkyReach’, because other defences such as misbehavior and impossibility of performance are not relevant to the case. But, defence against specific performance is not possible due to the reasons discussed under ‘Legal position of the seller and buyer’, based on the fact s of the case and analysis. In Tamplin v James,[1]  Ã‚   defendant, the buyer failed to perform in the contract of sale on the grounds that that he expected that two pieces of garden formed part of the lot, when they were in fact held by a railway company and not the vendor. In this landmark case, the court decreed specific performance for purchase of the land. The defendant’s appeal was unanimously dismissed by the Court of

The True Meaning of Life Essay Example for Free

The True Meaning of Life Essay What is the meaning of life? Well known Greek philosphers such as Socrates and Plato believed that our purpose in this life was to gain knowledge in preparation for the next life. Other Philosophers such as Epicurus believed that pleasure is the main goal in life. After giving these ideas lots of thought, I have come to my own conclusion that the true meaning of life is far more complex than either of these; far too complex for any human to fully comprehend. In fact these two different philosophies are only part of the grand picture. If it were that easy for men to figure out our lives wouldnt be so messed up now. The meaning of life revolves around many different things. I think these things include: self-understanding, development of mind and soul, and an afterlife. According to Epicurus, pleasure was the meaning of life. His ideas of life were completely opposite of Plato. Epicurus, in my opinion was a little bit niave and narrow minded in his view on the subject. He would say that the meaning of likfe was to experience pleasure until the end of your existence. He did not believe in an afterlife or that a person had a soul that lived forever. He just thought when you are gone thats it. I disagree with all of that because I have many religious beliefs from which I derive the meaning of life. One of these beliefs is that there is life after death, and that there is one supreme being of the universe. This goes back to Aristotles first mover theory. I would however agree that life is a balancing act between pain and pleasure; or good and evil. You cant have one without the other. For every thing in existence there is always something of opposition. Another ancient Greek philosopher was Socrates. Socrates said the unexamined life is not worth living. I agree with this in a sense that if you cant look back at your life and be proud of your accomplishments, then everything that you ever did was in vain. You have to be able to look at the mistakes you have made and be able to learn from that or you are doomed to repeat those mistakes. Maybe on a deeper level Socrates might have been talking about analyizing the purpose of ones life. This in my opinion is just as important. I feel that in order for me to succeed in life I have to at least examine the meaning of my being. I believe that it comes to a point in every persons life where they sit back and think why am I here? Whether it happens often or not, I wouldnt believe any person of sane health that said they never once thought about it. Socrates also said that the good of life is knowledge. He believed in a higher good in life that could be achieved through an endless search for knowledge. His definition of higher good was when virtue and knowledge united. Although I agree that what Socrates speaks of is an important part of living, I would not go so far as to say it is the reason for liveing. I say this partially because of my definition of knowledge. I see knowledge not as just to be found in the universe, but in a way created by humans not unlike myself. Many things that are classified as knowledge such as: language, mathematics, and history are all human created. Our language was created by people in earlier civilizations, as well as mathematics. History is the story of these early people and civilizations. Should I assume that my reason for living is to learn of someone elses life? If so, what was that persons meaning for living? Undoubtitly these things are of tremendous value to our civilization and how we live. But I ask myself once again how does it relate to why we live. As far as Socrates belief in a higher good, I agree 100%. I honestly believe that there is a higher good that can be achieved but not just through the search of knowledge. My theory of how higher good can be achieved is that a person must fully understand themself. That is when a person is able to recognize their potentiol and develop it. They also have to be able to relinquish any doubt they have about themself. One must commit to their spirituallity. Finally they have to become physically stronger. Not meant to offend anyone, but the highest good to me, is the best that you can be. A weak body is vulnerable and doesnt complete a person as a whole. An interesting connection to that is how it is said that humans only use a small fraction of their brain. I believe when someone can tap into the rest of their brain, they will be close to if not at their highest good. Last but not least we have the philosopher Plato, who was the pupil of Socrates. Therefore many of their ideas are similar if not identical. Plato also believed that knowledge was the most essential part of life. He thought that learning and knowing the truth was the only way to achieve perfection, and striving for perfection was the goal of life. I believe Plato may have been on to something. I have made it in one of my personnal philosophies in life to strive for perfection. Although deep in the back of my mind I know it is unattainable I still try like it is. This reminds me of a quote that I read that said aim for the moon, fore even if you miss you will land among the stars. I just means to improve you have to set your standards high. Once again that is only part of the bigger picture that is called life. Striving for wholeness and perfection, as I perceive are mere steps to achieving a higher good, and therefore are not the cumulative meaning of life. Plato was probaby the philosopher I most agree with. He also believed in an after life and preparation for it. But I dont particularly agree with him when he say that a higher good could only be accomplished by giving up all pleasure. Obviously there has to be some sacrifice, but to give up all pleasure would be to give up on what you are trying to accomplish. I think of pleasure as one of the most powerful motivating forces ikn life. Whether it be intellectual of physical a person has to be able to enjoy what they are doing to excel above and beyond. Even Plato had to in some way had to enjoy philosophizing or he probably wouldnt do it. It is now evident that the meaning of life has to far more complex for any one person to fully understand. All these ideas of these different philosophers are not necessarily inaccurate, just incomplete. All peices to a puzzle that I have no way of fully figuring out. Socrates spoke of a higher good to be achieved. Nobody has seemed to accomplish this yet in life. There are so many obstacles that we face as we try to achieve a higher good. Many of these are based in the fact that we are human beings, and because of that are flawed by the ways of our culture. Things such as self-doubt, worry, ignorance, and the values put into our heads since the day we were born all are road blocks on our way to a higher level. Also being human beings makes vulnerable to the ways of the world around us, so it is not easy to block these things out of our lives. In a summary I believe this life to be stage in which we are to develop our minds, bodies, and souls to their highest potential in preparation for the afterlife. A person living by this philosophy would probably become a genius or great thinker. But like Eupicures, Aristotle, Socrates, and Plato I could only form my own opinions of the subject. There isnt anyway for me to figure out whether I am right or wrong. Only God could ever really know the true meaning.

The Human Condition: Message Lost in the Capitalist Machine :: Hannah Arendt Human Condition Essays

The Human Condition: Message Lost in the Capitalist Machine In The Human Condition, by Hannah Arendt, the fundamental qualities of human behavior are described and analyzed. These qualities are first described by discussing the different entities present in the lives of Athenian Greeks. This partition of human life into separate units is supposed to be applied to modern American society as well, however, the structure of today's social order differs from that of ancient Greek. These disparities cause the analysis and ideas projected on the human condition to be contrasting as well. Arendt refers to the three elements of the human condition as vita activa: labor, work, and action, which correspond to the reason which humans have been granted life. According to Arendt, labor is the biological functions which define life itself, work is the artificial function of human existence and so defined as "worldliness," and action is activity that goes on between man and matter and leads to the permanence of a particular human's existence. These divisions are important in viewing the human life as a whole, seeing how Arendt divides it into two realms: the private and public. The private realm is where work is executed and labor is present, and a hierarchical family is the basis of activity with the male at the top. Since work and labor are when humans are at their most natural state and in touch with their biological functions, this is the simplest sphere of life. The public realm, which only exists for the dominant figure in the family, is most closely related with action and is where man gains a sense of freedom. This freedom comes from the fact that when humans meet in public, they discuss ideas and exchange views. Through this exchange, thoughts are developed free from the constraints of private life and primordial necessities. In this respect, freedom in the ancient Greek world was defined as the ability to contemplate thoughts and discuss socially. This is where the morals and ideals of society are formed and a common good is derived which creates a social standard. These social standards and their methods of development were valid during the days of ancient Greece, but are not contemporaneous with modern American society. The society of modern America, which coincides closely with the society of the rest of Western Civilization, cannot be analyzed on the same levels that Arendt evaluates ancient Greek culture in respect to her proposed human conditions.

A Goal I Have Accomplished

Graduating from college, having a stable job or putting up their own business and having a happy family might be the things people want to achieve in their lifetime.Many people hope for this at an early age while they still have the support of their parents especially financially. I, myself, also hope for those. Those are also the goals that I want to accomplish. However, with my present status, I believe those could only be bonuses for all the achievements I have now.I recently got my General Education Development diploma — this is already a great achievement for me. This is because I got it as a fruit of all the labor, perseverance and determination. It is very difficult to manage my life while I study. I am a single mother and I need to work for a living to feed my little boy.There were times that I needed to review my lessons while I am tending to his needs during the night. There were many nights that I have gone sleepless and still go to school during the day. But I know I needed to do everything not only for my future but especially for my child future — that’s what I always think of.My beautiful boy is the crown to all my tiredness and the everlasting joy to all my achievements. At the end of the day when I see him smiling at me, he gives me new hope to pursue what I am planning to do.Aside from perseverance and thinking of our future, another step that I took is to continue my studies. I already started college in August. I am now pursuing my Bachelor of Arts in Business through Kaplan Online. Moreover, to compensate for our expenses, I am also working fulltime. Going back to school is a present achievement I am enjoying now.

Compare how feelings are presented in two of the poems Harmonium and Brothers Essay

Everyone experiences feelings; they cannot be ignored as we have no control over them. In ‘Harmonium’, Simon Armitage explores the feelings of the relationship between himself and his father, using the extended metaphor he presents the instrument ‘harmonium’ to test his feelings that exists between the father and son. The name itself ‘harmonium’ immediately highlights the connection or ‘harmony’ between them. Armitage also underlines the feeling of regret throughout the poem, as the harmonium is â€Å"gathering dust†, which means by protecting the instrument, he can retain memories from his life. In ‘Brothers’ feelings are also explored by Andrew Forster, the poem underlines the childhood experiences, and the unbalanced relationship with siblings. Forster presents a nostalgic part of a childhood memory, which consists of emotional significance, where relationships change between two brothers. The little brother is considered inferior, as the older brother does not enjoy his â€Å"spouting† conversation, he takes advantage to neglect his little brother so that he can be with his friend doing â€Å"what grown-ups do†. In similar, this poem also identifies regret, the older brother expresses guilt that the ‘distance’ he has created between them, and the little boy with his ‘hand holding out’ showing desire for connection with his older brother. Feelings are presented differently throughout the poems. In ‘harmonium’, Armitage uses colloquialisms which shape the speech patterns of Yorkshire dialect, and also showing discomfort between the feelings of father and son. At the start of the poem, Armitage begins with ‘for a song’, which explores the idea of memories of the past ‘struck a chord’. Armitage also highlights his father’s vulnerability, as he is a ‘dead weight’ which may suggest that he is a burden to his son as he gets older, where they have formed feelings of regret. Similarly, in ‘Brothers’, Forster also uses colloquialisms ‘saddled with you’ or ‘me and Paul’ to represent the speaker’s voice as more realistic. Forster explores the feelings through using monosyllabic language such as ‘said you should go and ask Mum’ which is clearly suggesting childhood and an emotional tone, also showing regret in their feelings. In ‘Harmonium’, Armitage uses personification to identify the metaphorical link between his father and the harmonium, such as ‘the case is ‘aged’, its keys are ‘yellowed the fingernails’, it has ‘lost its tongue’. These suggest that Armitage is describing his father as old, no longer needed. Contrastingly, in ‘Brothers’, Forster uses verb forms to underline the feelings of the two brothers, as the older brothers are considered ‘ambled’ and ‘strolled’, whereas the younger brother ‘skipped’ and ‘windmilled’ which suggests that he is at ease. However, his brothers fear unassertiveness due to being in their teens. This suggests that they hold feelings for each other, but don’t want to expose them in front of their friends. Imagery is used to express the uselessness and vulnerability of the father in ‘Harmonium’. As the instrument itself is ‘gathering dust’, old and is rusty, the father is also ‘aged’, showing that he is no longer needed and is a burden. ‘Bundled off to the skip’ and ‘laid on its back’ suggest his uselessness. However, Armitage also emulates on the harmonium’s positive past, by describing it as ‘under the sunlight, through stained glass’, and the voices to be singing like ‘glided finches’. This positivity of his father’s is shown as the last words in the final stanza, where the use of sibilance, imagery and strong rhyme suggests whispering of the ‘phrase’ contained in rhyming couplet which creates regretful tone and feeling, which could suggest that Armitage cannot bring himself to speak. On the other hand, in ‘Brothers’, the tone becomes regretful as he describes his little brother from a distance when ‘holding out a coin’. This suggests that the brother is regretful for neglecting and abandoning his little brother for being with his friends and ignoring his existence, and this is shown at the end of the poem where the older brother realises the ‘distance’ he created between them both. Hence, the love for his little brother is a realisation of guilt through the description of his carefree playfulness and him ‘holding hand out’ for a coin. The repentance makes his feelings for his little brother come across and their relationship alter over time. Both poems present strong, feelings of emotional pain and regret. Harmonium’ where Armitage discovers the vulnerability of his father at the end and through the instrument itself, where he feels something has been lost which is unable to recapture. Which suggest that he later wanted his father to be a part of his life. ‘Brothers’ where the poet underlines the difficult relationships between siblings and how they chan ge overtime, as for the older brother feeling regretful for neglecting his younger brother who was ‘holding up a coin’. Both poems suggest and express regret for a missed opportunity to communicate the feelings with the close ones.

How to Decide If You Should Quit Your Job A Step-by-Step Guide

How to Decide If You Should Quit Your Job A Step-by-Step Guide You’ve had it, you’ve really had it this time. The de-stressing techniques you learned in your yoga class are no longer working, and the thought of getting up in the morning and going in to work gives you anxiety hives, the likes of which you haven’t seen since tenth grade geometry exams. But is this it? Is it time to cut bait on this job and start scrambling for something else? And if so, how does one do that without regretting an impulsive choice? There are a lot of different factors to consider. Like:If I do decide to quit, should I do it before I have a job offer?If I don’t have a job offer waiting in the wings, can I justify leaving my job in an uncertain economy?Is this really quit-worthy, or am I just reacting to a temporary situation?Am I prepared for a long job hunt?What can I do in the meantime?That’s a lot of stuff to have swirling around in your head while you try to make a major life decision. Let’s break it down a little more.Sh ould I Quit?Quitting your job is not a decision to make lightly. A new job right away isn’t a given, but there’s also your longer career to think about: if you sacrifice your position now, will that set you back in the long term? Or will it increase the likelihood that you’ll find the next great opportunity by giving yourself this push? The first step in making this decision is always, always to do a self-assessment. Thinking, â€Å"I should quit,† and then handing in your resignation that day, is more likely to lead to panic and regret sooner than later. So if you’re angry, wait until that red rage subsides a little bit, and ask yourself, â€Å"why am I so unhappy here?†According to some experts, the best place to start is a simple pro/con list:What do I like about this job?What do I dislike about this job?What’s missing from this job?What would I want from this job that I’m not getting?After you’ve got your basic rundo wn of what’s bugging you about your job, the next step is to figure out if any of the â€Å"cons† are fixable. Would reprioritizing your duties help? Would your boss be receptive to changing things to be more amenable to your needs, or talking about a raise? If you don’t see those cons as budging anytime soon, then it’s likely time to move on. Also, if the â€Å"con† list is much longer than the â€Å"pro† side, that’s a clue that the problems may not be fixable enough.RELATED:  10 Signs It’s Time to Quit Your JobAnother factor to consider is whether it’s really the job making you unhappy. If the â€Å"pro† list is substantial and the â€Å"cons† don’t seem so bad once you’ve written them out, it might be that you’re unhappy in other aspects of your life, and it’s bleeding into your work life. If it’s just the job that’s causing stress and tension, then you may wa nt to move forward with quitting. If you think it’s your relationships or financial issues or anything else in your life that’s exacerbating standard work stress, then try addressing those factors first. You may find that you’re not as unhappy at work once other issues are resolved (or at least worked on).Once you have your self-assessment complete, and have a stronger sense of what’s causing your work malaise, it’s time to do the next level of research: talking about it to someone at work.I Want to Try to Make It Work. How Do I Make Things Better?Schedule some time with your boss where you can sit down alone and talk about your unhappiness. If your compensation is the problem, be prepared to ask for a raise. If it’s your workload, ask about how you can reprioritize your duties. If it’s a conflict with other employees, you can get feedback about how to deal with it, officially or unofficially. Either way, be prepared for a frank discu ssion with your supervisor. And it’s important to keep the tone as neutral as you can- you don’t want your concerns to be dismissed as a rant, or have anyone question your professionalism. If you’re concerned that you will chicken out or will get very angry, practice your talking points ahead of time, either by yourself or with a trusted non-work person.If your boss is the problem, the politics get a little more difficult. You can speak with HR or your boss’s boss if you’re concerned about direct confrontation, but understand that the information could get back to your boss, and make things extra uncomfortable. If things are that bumpy and contentious with your own boss, it may be time to leave.You can also try some remedies on your own, without involving your manager or HR. Sometimes trying harder to approach your job with a positive and more receptive attitude can help ease things a bit, at least in the short term. Personally, I know that when Ià ¢â‚¬â„¢m already grumpy, things just kind of spiral down from there- but when I make a conscious effort to say, â€Å"Okay, maybe I’m overreacting and need to try this from a different direction,† things seem less dire. Bottom line: you know yourself and your professional goals better than anyone, so only you can decide whether these short-term fixes will hold, or whether things will backslide in a matter of weeks.I Think I Need to Quit.Issues that are unlikely to resolve themselves include:You lack passion for your job, with no exciting prospects on the immediate horizon.You have skills and experience that are going to waste.Your compensation is way under what other people in similar positions make, and your company won’t be able to close that gap any time soon.The company itself is failing, and everyone’s starting to get a TitanicYou’re being verbally abused or sexually harassed at work.You have no work-life balance, or it’s getting steadi ly worse.Your boredom or malaise has led to decreased performance.Your work stress is making you physically ill.You’re no longer learning anything new at your job.If any of these are your issue, and there’s no immediate solution that you can see, it’s time to move forward with an exit plan.Okay, I Do Want to Quit. Now What?Don’t draft your resignation just yet. Give your decision some time to marinate. That can help you work out any last â€Å"is it me or the job?† kinks, and decide definitively that you’re ready to let go. At this stage, you also have to think about what quitting means.Do you have another job offer lined up?And if so, does it address the issues you have with your current job?If you don’t have another offer yet, are you prepared to be adrift in the job market for a while?It’s best to have an offer in hand before you quit, but that’s not always going to be possible. If you’re quitting because of on e of the dealbreakers mentioned above (especially being stuck with verbal or sexual harassment), you may decide that you just can’t continue on in your current job for the average six months it could take to find a new job. If you go this route, try to shore up your financial resources as much as you can before you hand in your resignation. Most experts recommend having at least six months in savings if you’re planning to quit your job without a Plan B.RELATED:  How to Quit Your Job Professionally If you don’t have an offer yet, you can still do some short-term maneuvers to help set yourself up for your next opportunity.Start reaching out to your network. Let them know you’re looking (discreetly, if you haven’t yet handed in your resignation).Clean up your social media accounts, and get them ready for professional strangers to be peeking in.Revamp your resume.Start hitting job boards hard, and using industry-specific resources online.While coming up with your post-quitting career plan, you should also be thinking about your last few weeks at work. You’ll need to give notice- at least two weeks, but your company may require more, so be sure to double-check company policy. You will also need to decide whether you’ll be available for transition training and any final requests your boss might have as you get ready to go. It’s important to be courteous and professional at every step here, no matter how fed up you may feel. Even if you already have a new job offer in hand, you don’t want to burn bridges on your way out. It’s much better to leave with your professional rep intact. It can really help minimize regrets later on.Whether you’re feeling temporary job blues or you really need to get out and move on, the important piece is that you put the time and effort into diagnosing the problems and coming up with long- and short-term plans to make sure that you’re not hurting yourself by acting too rashly, or by giving in to inertia and staying in a bad situation too long. Sometimes quitting is the hardest and most rewarding decision you can make for your career, but you want to make sure it’s the exact right call for you at the time.

8 Surefire Signs You Need To Change Careers NOW

8 Surefire Signs You Need To Change Careers NOW It can be scary to change careers, but sometimes it’s the absolute right thing to do. Don’t let yourself get stuck in a career rut. If any of these warning signs apply to you, find yourself a new job STAT. 1. Your weekends are always too short.Everybody’s weekends are too short. But yours are really fraught. You get to the office on Monday and by that same afternoon, you’re counting down the hours until Friday. Then you spend most of your weekend dreading Monday morning. Even Sunday is a waste because you’re so miserable thinking about going back to work.2. You’ve lost your passion.Not everyone can be 100% jazzed about their job at all times. But you’re bordering on burnout. There’s no joy taken in any aspect of your work- even the tasks that used to be enjoyable. You can’t quite remember why you work there anymore. You’ve lost your drive. And now you’re really only there for the money, which probably isnâ⠂¬â„¢t that great anyway, and by no means makes up for the apathy and boredom and pervasive emptiness you feel.3. You feel trapped.It’s precisely when you feel that you can’t get out that you should try your hardest to free yourself. Maybe you’re caught in the trap of losing your motivation because you aren’t being challenged. That vicious cycle will only get worse. You’re eternally bored, which drains your energy, and so on, and so on†¦4. You’re envious of, well, everyone.If you find yourself pining for other people’s career situations, that’s a great sign that there’s something wrong with your own. Clean up your own house. Make sure you’re not looking at other people’s lives, but at your own, and making the changes you need to make. Follow your own big dreams.5. Your health is suffering.Often your body will tell you first when you need to switch jobs. Stress can wreak utter havoc on the body- through bad eating habits, high blood pressure, and even heart attacks. If you’re losing vitality and sleep at a job, or if you have tension headaches, achiness, and fatigue, it’s time to listen to what your body is telling you. Find a way out.6. You have zero work-life balance.Your friends don’t even recognize you anymore. You don’t have any time for family or friends. You’re all stress, all the time. You never do the things that used to bring happiness to your home life. Plus, the people closest to you have noticed a change in you for the worst- either in your appearance or demeanor. You’re constantly worn out and depleted. Time for a makeover for both you and your career.7. Everything is a struggle.Your company culture just makes everything so fraught and unpleasant. You can’t think of a single nice thing to say about your job. You don’t even have a positive relationship with your coworkers where  you can go out and complain abou t it over lunch. You’re a little bit isolated and a lot frustrated.8. You could do better.You’re sure that your talents and abilities could really make a difference somewhere, but they are wasted here. Don’t be too scared to go for your dream career. Chances are, that’s where your passion and creativity lie- and where you’ll actually enjoy going to work each week.

Battle of the Thames in the War of 1812

Battle of the Thames in the War of 1812 The Battle of the Thames was fought October 5, 1813, during the War of 1812 (1812-1815). In the wake of the American victory at the Battle of Lake Erie, Major General William Henry Harrisons army recaptured Detroit before crossing into Canada. Outnumbered, British commander Major General Henry Proctor elected to withdraw east with his Native American allies. On October 5, he turned his army and made a stand near Moraviantown. In the resulting battle, his army was routed and the famed Native American leader Tecumseh was killed. The victory secured the United States northwest frontier for the remainder of the war. Background ​Following the fall of Detroit to Major General Isaac Brock in August 1812, American forces in the Northwest endeavored to recapture the settlement. This was badly hampered due to British naval forces controlling Lake Erie. As a result, Major General William Henry Harrisons Army of the Northwest was forced to remain on the defensive while the U.S. Navy constructed a squadron at Presque Isle, PA. As these efforts progressed, American forces suffered a severe defeat at Frenchtown (River Raisin) as well as endured a siege at Fort Meigs. In August 1813, the American squadron, commanded by Master Commandant Oliver Hazard Perry emerged from Presque Isle. Outnumbered and out-gunned, Commander Robert H. Barclay withdrew his squadron to the British base at Amherstburg to await the completion of HMS Detroit (19 guns). Taking control Lake Erie, Perry was able to cut off the British supply lines to Amherstburg. With the logistical situation worsening, Barclay sailed out to challenge Perry in September. On September 10, the two clashed at the Battle of Lake Erie. After a bitter fought engagement, Perry captured the entire British squadron and sent a dispatch to Harrison stating, We have met the enemy and they are ours. With control of the lake firmly in American hands, Harrison embarked the bulk of his infantry aboard Perrys ships and sailed to recapture Detroit. His mounted forces advanced along the lake shore (Map). The British Retreat At Amherstburg, the British ground commander, Major General Henry Proctor, began planning to withdraw east to Burlington Heights at the western end of Lake Ontario. As part of his preparations, he quickly abandoned Detroit and nearby Fort Malden. Though these moves were opposed by the leader of his Native American forces, the famed Shawnee chief Tecumseh, Proctor proceeded as he was badly outnumbered and his supplies were dwindling. Detested by the Americans as he had allowed the Native Americans to butcher prisoners and wounded after the Battle of Frenchtown, Proctor began retreating up the Thames River on September 27. As the march progressed, the morale of his forces fell and his officers became increasingly dissatisfied with his leadership. Fast Facts: Battle of the Thames Conflict: War of 1812 (1812-1815)Dates: October 5, 1813Armies Commanders:United StatesMajor General William Henry Harrison3,760 menGreat Britain and Native AmericansMajor General Henry ProctorTecumseh1,300 menCasualties:United States: 10-27 killed, and 17-57 woundedGreat Britain 12-18 killed, 22-35 wounded, and 566-579 capturedNative Americans: 16-33 killed Harrison Pursues A veteran of Fallen Timbers and the victor of Tippecanoe, Harrison landed his men and re-occupied Detroit and Sandwich. After leaving garrisons at both locations, Harrison marched out with around 3,700 men on October 2 and began pursuing Proctor. Pushing hard, the Americans began to catch up to the tired British and numerous stragglers were captured along the road. Reaching a location near Moraviantown, a Christian Native American settlement, on October 4, Proctor turned and prepared to meet Harrisons approaching army. Deploying his 1,300 men, he placed his regulars, largely elements of the 41st Regiment of Foot, and one cannon on the left along the Thames while Tecumsehs Native Americans were formed on the right with their flank anchored on a swamp. Shawnee leader Tecumseh. Public Domain Proctors line was interrupted by a small swamp between his men and Tecumsehs Native Americans. To extend his position, Tecumseh lengthened his line into the large swamp and pushed it forward. This would allow it to strike the flank of any attacking force. Approaching the next day, Harrisons command consisted of elements of the U.S. 27th Infantry Regiment as well as a large corps of Kentucky volunteers led by Major General Isaac Shelby. A veteran of the American Revolution, Shelby had commanded troops at the Battle of Kings Mountain in 1780. Shelbys command consisted of five brigades of infantry as well as Colonel Richard Mentor Johnsons 3rd Regiment of Mounted Riflemen (Map). Proctor Routed Nearing the enemy position, Harrison placed Johnsons mounted forces along the river with his infantry inland. Though he initially intended to launch an assault with his infantry, Harrison changed his plan when he saw that the 41st Foot had deployed as skirmishers. Forming his infantry to cover his left flank from Native American attacks, Harrison instructed Johnson to attack the main enemy line. Splitting his regiment into two battalions, Johnson planned to lead one against the Native Americans above the small swamp, while his younger brother, Lieutenant Colonel James Johnson, led the other against the British below. Moving forward, the younger Johnsons men charged down the river road with Colonel George Paulls 27th Infantry in support. Battle of the Thames, October 5, 1813. Library of Congress Striking the British line, they quickly overwhelmed the defenders. In less than ten minutes of fighting, the Kentuckians and Paulls regulars drove off the British and captured Proctors one cannon. Among those who fled was Proctor. To the north, the elder Johnson attacked the Native American line. Led by a forlorn hope of twenty men, the Kentuckians soon became engaged in bitter battle with Tecumsehs warriors. Ordering his men to dismount, Johnson remained in the saddle urging his men forward. In the course of the fighting he was wounded five times. As the fighting raged, Tecumseh was killed. With Johnsons horsemen bogged down, Shelby directed some of his infantry to advance to their aid. As the infantry came up, the Native American resistance began to collapse as word of Tecumsehs death spread. Fleeing into the woods, the retreating warriors were pursued by cavalry led by Major David Thompson. Seeking to exploit the victory, American forces pressed on and burned Moraviantown despite the fact that its Christian Munsee inhabitants had played no role in the fighting. Having won a clear victory and destroyed Proctors army, Harrison elected to return to Detroit as the enlistments of many of his men were expiring. Aftermath In the fighting at the Battle of the Thames Harrisons army suffered 10-27 killed, and 17-57 wounded. British losses totaled 12-18 killed, 22-35 wounded, and 566-579 captured, while their Native American allies lost 16-33 killed. Among the Native American dead were Tecumseh and the Wyandot chief Roundhead. The exact circumstances regarding Tecumsehs death are not known though stories quickly circulated that Richard Mentor Johnson killed the Native American leader. Though he never personally claimed credit, he used the myth during later political campaigns. Credit has also been given to Private William Whitley. The victory at the Battle of the Thames saw American forces effectively take control of the Northwest frontier for the remainder of the war. With Tecumsehs death, much of the Native American threat in the region was eliminated and Harrison was able to conclude truces with many of the tribes. Though a skilled and popular commander, Harrison resigned the following summer after disagreements with Secretary of War John Armstrong.

Introduction of Thesis Dignity in Elderly Care Essay

Introduction of Thesis Dignity in Elderly Care - Essay Example experienced throughout the past years, as well as failure of will, which once engrained within the mentality and daily attitudes of the elderly, tends to persist till their very death. The media both local and foreign has depicted on diverse occasions, the scrupulous levels of neglect and abuse that the elderly may experience at times within the health care systems (Mark et al., 1998); while often there are also reports of direct killings of the elderly patients perpetuated by their caregivers (Wainwright, 2008). in this context, The World Health Organisation defines the term â€Å"Elder Abuse† act, or lack of appropriate action, occurring within any relationship where there is an expectation of trust which causes harm or distress to an older person† (WHO, 2011). This abuse can take place in three different ways: psychological/ emotional abuse, physical abuse, financial abuse, and sexual abuse. The basic notions of human dignity were first conceived within the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UNDHR) that states in its preamble â€Å"Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world† (UNDHR, 1948). Based on this guiding principle, the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union states in its first article, â€Å"human dignity is inviolable. It must be respected and protected,† thus, proclaiming that dignity in an integral part of all human existence, and human dignity must always be upheld. Article 3 of the Charter focuses on physical and mental integrity, whilst article 4 focuses on the protection against inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. Article 25 focuses on â€Å"the right of the elderly to lead a life of dignity and... All forms of undertaken research work consist of a fixed procedure, which is made up of a series of varying enquiries on the selected issue/ problem that are systemic in nature. These systemic enquires enable the research scholar, to imbibe new knowledge on that particular theme. This thesis paper will comprise of both primary and secondary work, though the primary nature of the research work carried out in this paper is secondary research, defined as â€Å"analyzing [the] already collected data within another study† (Sarantakos, 2005, 297). Secondary researches generally involve a detailed study of all the available data, which is perceived as necessary, owing to the fact that often ‘a wealth of data’ that has been collected for various other non-research objectives, can also be used quite effectively to answer one’s questions in a research paper. Secondary research work generally creates a broader perspective for the concerned researcher to study and coll ect a large number of required data from various resources. The research process methodology as followed for this paper is based on the outline given by Graziano & Raulin, in their paper.

Mismatch Repair Genes and Cancer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mismatch Repair Genes and Cancer - Essay Example The study attempted to screen for two major types of mutations. One type of mutation that was tested for was the loss of heterozygosity, which is a type of mutation that generates a change in the type of genetic transmission of cells. The other type of mutation that was screened in the study was microsatellite instability. This mutation is usually observed in long sequences that were composed of repeating segments. These two types of mutations were considered to be important in determining whether a certain gene does influence the development of cancer. The study was conducted in a Portugese hospital, wherein approximately 287 patient subjects participants. These patients were already diagnosed to have breast cancer. In addition, there were 547 individuals who also participated in the study as controls, or individuals who were pre-determined to be normal and healthy. The study wanted to estimate the chances of developing breast cancer based on the presence and number of mutations in the MMR genes that were studied. The MMR genes tested in the investigation included the mismatch repair genes of the MSH family, as well as that of the MLH family. The PMS1 and MUTYH were also other genes that belonged to the MMR class of repair genes.

Japanese Noh Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Japanese Noh - Essay Example Japanese Noh is a significant class of classical Japanese theater, it is a drama combined with musical effects used to depict certain social issues and ethical considerations. The concept holds its roots deep in Japanese culture since 14th century. In these dramas, the characters use masks of different types to emphasize on the characters of theme of drama. Moreover, men act and play their parts as male and female both. The repertory usually limits to a particular number of plays, mostly historical in nature. The duration of the drama is usually long enough to play all day long. During the intervals, for the sake of inducing freshness and maintaining the life in drama, Japanese Noh utilizes a number of short and humorous skits as a break from the original theme. A very significant characteristic of Japanese Noh is the nature of the topics selected as the theme for drama. The choice of the topic is more towards history and the selected topics are more or less of the same kind, pertaining to classical Japanese traditions. The themes of Japanese Noh emphasizes more on the same old cultural, traditional, and historical aspects rather than utilization of some new, fresh, and innovative approaches for the drama. However, some groups have showed development in this regard. They have done plays and dramas on new topics that were never a part of Japanese Noh before. Moreover, as an innovative break from the past, these groups have revived certain historical events as well. Fans of cultural diversity has intermixed Japanese Noh with other traditional and cultural plays as well.

Discuss some of the ways in which Native Americans, and the European Essay

Discuss some of the ways in which Native Americans, and the European discovery of the New World, has influenced your life - Essay Example The Native Americans have their English language being more intricate compared to the European English, as stated by Dunn (1). This has improved my use of English language in communication because their English is simple to understand. Another influence by the Native Americans relates to how the American people treat women. According to the Native American culture, family lineage is traced through the females instead of the males, according to Delgado (1). This has as well influenced my perspective towards women as I can see them as more valuable to the society which was not what I originally thought. Similarly, the types of food consumed by the Native Americans have changed my diet to great extent. While initially I was used to the spices available back home, I have come to appreciate such things as wild ginger, juniper and miners’ lettuce. I have also gradually come to prefer Native American cuisines with their subtle flavors. Native Americans have a great deal of hospitality, which has been a vital tradition among the Native Americans, according to Cadwalader (1). Guests are highly valued and are served first whether there is something else for the family or not. Thus has influenced how relate with other people and to respect others as well. The Native Americans are friendly people who are always there to help and this has greatly improved my personal relations with other people. The mode of dress is also different from my home country and this has affected me. The American people do not place much importance in fully covering their body, as stated by Reynoldson (13). With many celebrities who most people tend to imitate, the mode of dressing is very different especially during the summer. During summer, people wear lighter clothes with women covering the most private body parts and most of them wearing shorts, a mode of dressing which has really impressed me. Last but not least, the hardworking nature of the Native American people

Global Economic Environments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Global Economic Environments - Essay Example This is to mean that our products are not intended for home use only but also for the large company and factory use. As the director of the company, I would like to ask for authorization for the company to launch and distribute this product. It is our belief that these new refrigerators will cater for each and everyone needs. It is worth noting that the company has used the best technology to ensure that our products cause no pollution. Owing to the subsidy issued, the company is in the first line fight against environmental pollution (Astley, 2004). Resultantly, it has also taken a step ahead and invited the officials from the environmental pollution control unit to come and test the amount of pollution caused by these products. Having complied with all the required rules, we as the company believe that we have all it takes to distribute our products to oversee states. Given this chance, we shall be grateful, and we believe that everyone who gets a chance to purchase our product wil l not be disappointed. In case of any complaints, the company is ready to fix the issues. We look forward to your consideration. By the time of launching of the new refrigerators, 10,000 refrigerators will be remaining in the company’s stock. The reason is that customers in US cannot buy them since they belong to the older version. Therefore, the company has only two options as the remedy. Either, the company searches for new markets from developing countries or it upgrade them. Upgrading them will not be cost effective since it will cost the company more money and the possibility of recovering the lost money is very low. However, finding markets in the developing states can be more cost effective. The only problem is whether the states governments will allow the company to sell these products to them. Researchers have realized that selling a dead stock at lower prices results to the fast moving of that

Discuss some of the ways in which Native Americans, and the European Essay

Discuss some of the ways in which Native Americans, and the European discovery of the New World, has influenced your life - Essay Example The Native Americans have their English language being more intricate compared to the European English, as stated by Dunn (1). This has improved my use of English language in communication because their English is simple to understand. Another influence by the Native Americans relates to how the American people treat women. According to the Native American culture, family lineage is traced through the females instead of the males, according to Delgado (1). This has as well influenced my perspective towards women as I can see them as more valuable to the society which was not what I originally thought. Similarly, the types of food consumed by the Native Americans have changed my diet to great extent. While initially I was used to the spices available back home, I have come to appreciate such things as wild ginger, juniper and miners’ lettuce. I have also gradually come to prefer Native American cuisines with their subtle flavors. Native Americans have a great deal of hospitality, which has been a vital tradition among the Native Americans, according to Cadwalader (1). Guests are highly valued and are served first whether there is something else for the family or not. Thus has influenced how relate with other people and to respect others as well. The Native Americans are friendly people who are always there to help and this has greatly improved my personal relations with other people. The mode of dress is also different from my home country and this has affected me. The American people do not place much importance in fully covering their body, as stated by Reynoldson (13). With many celebrities who most people tend to imitate, the mode of dressing is very different especially during the summer. During summer, people wear lighter clothes with women covering the most private body parts and most of them wearing shorts, a mode of dressing which has really impressed me. Last but not least, the hardworking nature of the Native American people

What was the role of the noblemen in Owain Glyndwr's revolt Essay

What was the role of the noblemen in Owain Glyndwr's revolt - Essay Example In1277, Edward I invaded Wales and after a fierce battle defeated them. He immediately set out to safeguard his dominance by constructing a ring of strong impregnable castles all around his dominion. This area became the power seat of the English and was designed in such a way so as to subjugate and intimidate the Welsh people. After a century had passed England was ruled by Richard the II. The domination exercised by the English with their restrictive land and tax policies became too much of a burden for the people of Wales and they chafed under the English yoke. According to the myths and legends of the Welsh, it was proclaimed that a national leader and redeemer would emerge from among them and so they faithfully prayed for his coming. This man would be the chosen one to stand up and fight against the English domination and restore the long awaited independence of the Welsh once again. Fortunately for them, there emerged a leader in Owain Glyndwr from amongst the shambles and struggles of the country. At the beginning of the 15th century, the Welsh put their faith in the charismatic leadership of Glyndwr even though England was endowed with a strong and massive army. The Welsh were successful in defeating England and drove them out of their land. The Welsh enjoyed their independence which lasted for a very short while. Since the 19th century, there was a resurgence of nationalism in Wales and hence the exploits of Owain Glyndwr was praise worthy. Glyndwr on the other hand did not seem the right candidate to don the cloak of a freedom fighter. Glyndwr, enjoyed all the trappings of a wealthy and privileged life as one of the great and powerful lords in Wales. This was due to his parentage that dates back to the year 1354 when he was born into and upper – class family having descended on his father’s side from the princes of Powys and on his mother’s side he inherited the lands of Rhys ap

Racial disparity Essay Example for Free

Racial disparity Essay Prevalence of racial disparity in the criminal justice system is most troubling and critical problem for criminal justice executives as it directly affects the people. The safety and liberty of American people depend on integrity of American justice system but racial discrimination in the criminal justice system impairs this integrity, which in turn harms American people directly. So this is the most critical dilemma facing the criminal justice system managers at present. The causes of this racial discrimination are both subtle and intricate and are not easy to locate. However it is obvious that fault does not lie with American criminal laws but these are implemented in a manner that is substantially and pervasively biased. Certain factors external to American criminal laws like personal discretion, natural proclivity and mental approach of the people that responsible to implement these laws, also collaborate rendering distortion of these laws. This institutional materialization of racial discrimination in the justice system is the most critical people predicament facing mangers of American criminal justice system. Although certain legal reform has been suggested by various sector but past history manifests that criminal justice manager cannot simply legislate to put an end to this problem. Some concrete measure should be undertaken by criminal justice manager to solve this problem rather than redefining criminal justice system.

The Outline Of Cloud Computing Information Technology Essay

The Outline Of Cloud Computing Information Technology Essay Cloud computing is something where Internet is commonly visualized as clouds with computation being done through the Internet. Database resources can be accessed via Internet from anywhere without the need to worry about maintenance or management of actual resources. Data of multiple customers is stored at one common location. Cloud computing should have proper techniques for proper segregation of data to ensure data security and confidentiality. Security measures are needed to make sure that data of one customer does not affect another customers data. Providers of cloud computing must be equipped with proper disaster recovery policies. Key terms Saas, Iaas, Paas, SOA, Grid Computing, Resource sharing, Web2.0 Introduction In the recent years, cloud computing has grown from being a promising business concept to one of the fastest growing segments of the IT industry. But as more and more information on individuals and companies is placed on cloud, we need to consider how safe an environment is. Cloud computing is an independent platform in terms of computing. The best example of cloud computing is Google Apps where any application can be accessed using a browser and can be deployed on thousands of computer through the Internet. Architecture Characteristics of cloud computing a) Dynamic computing infrastructure Foundation for the dynamic infrastructure is a standardized, scalable and secure physical infrastructure. Levels of redundancy must be implemented to ensure high levels of availability but is must be easy to extend as usage growth demands it without architecture rework. b) IT service centric approach Users of the cloud generally want to run some business service or application for a specific, timely purpose which means giving preference to quickly and easily accessing a dedicated instance of an application or service. c) Self service based usage model Self service provides users the ability to upload, build, deploy, schedule, manage and report on their business services on demand. d) Minimally or self managed platform For a service provider to efficiently provide a cloud for its constituents, they must leverage a technology platform that is self managed. e) Consumption based billing Cloud computing is usage driven. Consumers pay for only what resources they use and therefore are charged or billed on a consumption based model. Types of services The main services provided by cloud computing service model can basically be divided into three main categories namely Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS), Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) and Software-as-a-Service (SaaS). Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) provides virtual servers with unique IP addresses. Also, it provides blocks of storage on demand. Customers benefit from an API from which they can control and manage their servers. This service is also known as utility computing since the customers can pay for exactly the amount of service they use. It provides grids, clusters and virtualized servers, networks, storage and systems software designed to expand or substitute the functions of an entire data center. The best example of IaaS is Amazons Elastic Compute Cloud [EC2] and Simple Storage Service. Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) is a set of software and development tools that are hosted on the providers servers. Developers can create applications using the providers APIs. PaaS basically provides virtualized servers on which users can run existing applications or develop new ones without being worried about maintaining the operating systems, server hardware, load balancing or computing capacity. PaaS also allows a lot of scalability by design. Google Apps is one of the most famous Platform-as-a-Service providers. Other good examples include Microsofts Azure and Salesforces Force.com. The third type which is Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) makes the broadest market. It is the most widely known and broadly used form of cloud computing. In this service, the providers allow the customers only to use their applications. The software through user interface interacts with the user. However, these applications are provided through a Web browser, and not by a locally-installed application. It reduces worries to a great extent about application servers, storage, application development and other common concerns of IT. Salesforce.com, Googles Gmail and Apps, instant messaging from AOL, Yahoo and Google, Twitter and VoIP from Vonage and Skype are some common examples of SaaS providers. Example of cloud architecture Amazon s3 cloud computing- The Amazon S3 provides a web service interface for the storage and retrieval of data in the cloud. Setting a maximum limits the number of objects that can be stored in S3. S3 uses the concept of buckets as containers for each storage location of objects. The data is stored securely using the same data storage infrastructure that Amazon uses for its e-commerce web sites. Security issues Securing confidential data is an important area of concern as unauthorized users may get access to it. Large organizations dealing with sensitive data have laid out regulatory compliance policies. Sometimes the network utilizes resources from another country or they might not be fully protected, hence the need for appropriate regulatory compliance policies. In cloud computing, it is very common to store data of multiple customers at one common location. Cloud computing should have proper techniques where data is segregated properly for data security and confidentiality. Breached security system Providers of Saas and Paas boast of robustness of systems claiming that security in cloud is tighter than in most enterprises. Risks involved The idea of multi tenancy and decoupling between specific hardware resources and applications exists at the heart of cloud infrastructure. Companies need to be vigilant. An important measure of security often overlooked by companies is how much downtime a cloud service provider experiences. Change in the software Companies need to know whether a software change might actually alter its security settings. Local law and jurisdiction Data that might be secure in one country may not be secure in another. Users of cloud do not know where their information is held. Incentives of CC It is ideal for a small firm that has to occasionally batch process a ton of calculations to produce a data product. It is cheaper and economies of scale make cloud computing more economical. Organizations and individuals can benefit from mass computing and storage provided by large companies with stable and strong cloud architectures. Companies that desire to build massive, scalable environments, utilizing virtualization and cloud computing will increase their future margin of success. It may be more environmental friendly. Reducing the number of hardware components needed to run applications on the companys internal data center and replacing them with cloud computing systems reduces energy for running and cooling hardware. By consolidating these systems in remote centers, they can be handled more efficiently as a group.

Defining Success :: Definition Essays

Success is within the mind of the individual. A large portion of ones life is spent working to become successful. People are told throughout childhood to work hard so they can grow up and make lots of money. But success takes many different forms. Different people have different interpretations of what success means to them. For some, success is measured by social status and wealth; for others success is determined only by the amount of happiness one feels. Money is the main concern for some people. It is a crucial necessity for anyone who is trying to succeed in life. Many believe that the only way to succeed is to have a lot of money. For this type of person, achieving success starts with going to a good college. It is a competitive job market and if one wants a high paying job he needs some college credentials. College is also said to prepare people to take on the world. Once one has graduated and has a well paying job he is on his way to becoming successful. People work their whole lives making money so they can satisfy their desires. The idea of being able to purchase the items one has always dreamt about is an achievement. People dream about owning a home and having beautiful things to fill it with. Many people take pride in what they possess. People want to own nice homes, nice cars, and nice clothes. Some need to look successful in order to feel successful. These people feel successful when they can admire what their hard work has given them. For some, happiness is all that matters. Happiness is achieved in many ways, and it doesn’t always involve money. There are many things that contribute to making a person feel happy and successful. One can feel successful without a lot of money at all. For example, feeling loved is something that makes everyone happy. Many believe that without love life is not thoroughly complete, thus never truly achieving success. Ones line of work can also affect how happy he is. Some feel that it is more important to enjoy work and get less money than it is to hate work and get paid more. Another factor in achieving psychological success is ones ability to enjoy what life gives him. There are many qualities of life that are overlooked. Everyone is dealt family and it is important to value that.

Drug Abuse and Treatment Centers in Afghanistan Essay

The issue of narcotic drugs production and consumption is worsening in Afghanistan which threatens the security and hinders the development. Afghanistan as the largest opium-producing country in the world produces 94% of the world’s opiates and thus has 920,000 illicit drug users. Ministry of Counter Narcotics (MCN) and many other major organizations such as International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL), UNODC and Colombo Plan aim to eliminate opium and illicit drugs’ cultivation, production, trafficking and addiction in Afghanistan through different programs. As an example, INL has taken actions to decrease drug demand by establishing treatment centers in many provinces of Afghanistan. Specifically, this paper aims to analyze interventions in drug addicts’ lives by Nejat as a male and Sanga Amaj as a female drug treatment center from an ethical point of view. Throughout the intervention, these two centers have overlooked issues related to women, social stigmatization and problems of forced treatment. Despite its deficiencies, intervention by Nejat and Sanga Amaj significantly contributes to drug abusers’ human rights and also the security and development of Afghanistan and thus benefits both individuals and the society. First of all, Sanga Amaj and Nejat promote the Human Right to Health by providing access to drug treatment and also aiming to decrease and prevent negative health consequences of drug abuse. Right to health is the economic, social and cultural right of everyone to the highest attainable standard of mental and physical health. Sanga Amaj and Nejat help drug users to lead healthy lives by decreasing the â€Å"mental and physical health problems,† that drug usage poses to their lives. HIV Aids, Hepatitis B, social exclusion and suicides among drug users are some of the main examples of physical and psychological harms of drug usage mainly among injecting addicts. According to an HIV report in Afghanistan, â€Å"almost all the known cases of HIV infection in Afghanistan today are due to injecting drug use†, thus drug use treatment will save a great number of injecting drug users’ lives. Besides, treating drug users, a socially excluded and marginalized group affected by drug addiction, and bringing them back to live ‘normal’ and healthy lives in their societies like everyone else help them overcome the psychological problems posed by addiction. Usually, drug abusers live in hostile and unclean places like under bridges and garbage piles that are unhealthy habitats and cause varieties of other diseases especially caused by bacteria. By providing treatment facilities to drug abusers and thus eliminating and preventing all these health disadvantages, Sanga Amaj and Nejat support health well-being of the society overall. Secondly, Sanga Amaj and Nejat contribute to promote the security in individuals’ lives which promotes the security of everyone and of the country. The diseases that develop in relation to drug abuse (HIV, Hepatitis and other diseases including mental disorders) are all a threat not only in drugs users’ lives but also to individual, national and human health and financial security. Besides, according to studies, drug consumption causes â€Å"poverty, violence and criminal behavior† in a certain society which poses severe economical and social insecurity not only to drug users’ lives but also their families and the society. Many road and domestic accidents, drug crimes, and death because of overdose are due to drug usage. Such as, it is common that drug abusers commit crimes such as they steal money for buying drugs. Besides, insecurity and disorder due to drug trafficking and crimes becomes the bases for corruption, insecurity and illegal drug smuggling and poverty in society which affects everyone. Thus, these treatment centers’ intervention promotes the protection of drug users’ rights by facilitating treatment and preventing them from these crimes while leading them to health, social and economical security. Nejat and Sanga Amaj also add to human resources and productivity and play a positive role for the development of drug abusers and other citizens’ lives and thus for a sustainable development of Afghanistan. First of all, intervention in drug abusers’ lives causes them to lead much more productive lives than before because drug abusers are unproductive both in school and labor. Drug abuse â€Å"incurs social costs in the form of loss of productivity and family income, violence, security problems, traffic and workplace accidents, and links with corruption† and loss of productivity and corruption affects the development of a country and its all citizens negatively. â€Å"Much HIV-related mortality occurs in adults in their productive age†, which causes loss in an individual’s life, and also the prosperity of their families, and the country. When drug users get treatment, they go in societies and lead much more productive lives which not only benefit them but also the society and its other citizens. Thus, by decreasing drug usage, a harmful factor of drugs users’ lives and also of the society and thus decreasing the level of health issues, violence, crimes and poverty, Sanga Amaj and Nejat are actually promoting the well being of the citizens as human beings and leads them and their societies to development. In addition to all these, treatment centers, specifically, Sanga Amaj highly contributes in promoting children’s rights. 0,000 of this drug-abusing populace are children who are usually born from or breastfed by addicted mothers, get addicted due to second hand smoke in families with addicted members, or are given opium or drugs directly for ailments or more working hours. As a doctor states, â€Å"If a child cries, they give him opium, if he can’t sleep, they use opium, if an infant coughs, opium,† a child is fed opium frequently which makes them addicted. These children while growing up then have to find a way to get opium or drugs. It usually leads them to crimes, such as, stealing at an early age, or leads them to being abused, especially sexual abuse. A great number of drug addicts sell their bodies or work as prostitutes to get money. For example, many male children become â€Å"dancing boys† who usually dance in front of men and are used by them for sexual purposes and thus get little money or drugs in return. It increases sexual slavery of children, social crimes against them and also exploits their lives and thus deepens the issue even more. Sanga Amaj as a children’s treatment center provides treatment facilities which help in promoting children’s rights to healthy and ‘normal’ lives. It plays a good role in preventing the devastating consequences of child drug abuse and thus has a big hand in supporting children’s rights. On the other hand, not only the treatment facilities available for drug users are insufficient compared to the level of drug consumption but also it is unevenly distributed between men and women and also different provinces. According to DW report of 2013, around 1. 3 million of population in Afghanistan is addicted to drugs. The existent services are adequate for only 10,000 addicts every year so the remainder of the addicts do not have access to treatment facilities. The drug abusers without services are mainly women who have only 2 treatment centers around the country and the drug users in provinces without centers as most of the centers are located in Kabul while some provinces do not have even one. For example, Sanga Amaj as one of the only two women’s residential treatment centers among the 40 treatment centers overall has 20 beds while Nejat as one of the many treatment centers for male drug users provides structured treatment with 50 beds available . Thus, as though Sanga Amaj has successfully treated 400 women with having only 15 relapses, it is much less compared to the number of women drug users. Additionally, these treatment centers are located only in some main provinces such as Kabul while leaving other provinces without centers. This proportion of facilities has created an uneven distribution of facilities among people in different provinces and also among male and female drug abusers. Traditional drug treatment programs have been designed to treat male addicts and fail to address the needs of women leading to inequity. Basically, 120,000 of the drug users in Afghanistan are women which might be less than the real number as most of them are reluctant to reveal their addiction. As UNODC reports, â€Å"Drug use among women and children is extremely difficult to estimate in Afghan society as it is easier to conceal and most often occurs in the home†, women make a big part of this populace but have remained invisible. Besides, most addicted women are from rural areas where they â€Å"consume opium on a regular basis to cure their illnesses† while the only two residential treatment centers available for them are located in big cities, leaving out women in the rest of 34 provinces demanding treatment. Men have more treatment centers than women though it is easier for them to travel from one province to another and despite the fact that many women are not addicted by their choice. They are forced by members of family, especially by husbands, and thus do not have the autonomy to decide about their addiction or undergoing treatment. As Shinkai Zahin claims, â€Å"Woman addicts were ignored by both the Afghan government and international donors,† women’s needs have been overlooked. As every woman, man, youth and child has the equal human right to the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, at this point women drug users’ right to health is undermined by discrimination. The social stigma of drug abuse creates an environment where society overlooks the external reasons of drug addiction and instead blames and ill-treats the drug abusers and leads to forced treatments. Initially, drug usage is considered disgraceful and drug users as the ones who perform this shameful act are degraded though it is usually unemployment, poverty, sickness, depression, violence, migration, imprisonment, etc. hat leads to addiction. Putting all the blame on the drug abusers leads to their ill treatment, being marginalized and negative psychological effects. Therefore, drug usage turns into â€Å"shameful secret† for drug users and they are socially condemned such as many of drug users especially male are beaten and sometimes they are forcefully impriso ned or brought to treatment centers. As â€Å"The right to health is an inclusive right† and â€Å"contains freedom†, forced treatment which is against a drug users’ will is a form of degradation and violates his/her right of decision-making. Moreover, the treatment process is a difficult, painful and cruel process and sometimes drug abusers are dehumanized during the process. Treatment includes withdrawal effects and drug detoxification which is extremely painful and if the clients resist, they are tied to beds for hours to days. Sometimes, drug users who cannot endure these pains die during the treatment, try to commit suicide or run away. These cases are against the key aspects of Right to Health defined by the UN high commissioner that right to health should be free from non-consensual medical treatment, torture and other cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment. Some drug users claim that forced treatment violates their liberty and forces them to quit, deal with the withdrawal, and give up what they call â€Å"the intense feeling of pleasure†. A former heroin addict states, â€Å"The War on Drugs isn’t a â€Å"War on Drugs†, it’s a war on personal liberty and a war on one’s ownership of their body†, so forcing treatment is degrading them and their human rights. Therefore, considering drug usage a crime or shameful act and thus enforcing treatment on unwilling drug abusers cannot be justified based on their individual human rights. To conclude, Sanga Amaj and Nejat as two major treatment centers benefits drug users and Afghanistan in many ways through their intervention in drug users’ lives. It ensures their human right to health, security and development and also children’s rights in many ways. Thus, it advantages not only the drug users but also their societies. Besides, though the treatment facilities provided is not sufficient and also is unevenly distributed among places and genders, based on cost-benefit analysis their intervention still is justified as it does more good than harm. Having less or insufficient treatment facilities is better than not having at all and in the same way treating some women is better than none. Instead, ending the social stereotypes about drug users and also men and women, and also preventing forced treatments while providing more counseling can make the intervention more sufficient. Besides, building more centers for females and rural areas is a better way to maintain equality.

Edward Jenner, and Jane Jacobs Essay

This study gives an account of two authors’ works, Edward Jenner and Jane Jacobs who unusually employed scientific methods while researching and writing their novels. The study backs up on this proclamation by providing example and evidence from their text in reference to the books, â€Å"The Death and Life of Great American Cities† by Jane Jacobs and â€Å"Vaccination against small pox† by Edward Jenner. Although, both writers belong to completely different genre where one is a surgeon and the other an urban planner, both used logical explanation providing a method. In other words both are empiricists. Empiricism is a hypothesis of wisdom which states that knowledge crops up from experience. Edward Jenner’s work: Edward Jenner established a method which indicated that vaccination was an effective way of obstructing smallpox. For countless centuries, smallpox overwhelmed mankind. In current period we do not have to be concerned about it and all the credit goes to the incredible effort of Edward Jenner and afterward progress from his accomplishments. The famous scientist, in his three revolutionary expositions contains his proof in support of vaccination and illustrates individual cases. The once-feared curse of smallpox has been eliminated by blockade inoculation. Edward Jenner, in his works on Smallpox, very thoroughly documents all of his cases. In the background of medical science in the 18th century, this study was a major advancement as it takes up countless fittings of contemporary investigational science we take for-granted today: neutrality, hypothesis, and most significantly, reproducibility. Jenner creates a persuasive case that is beached upon information and direct surveillance in spite of the lack of severe controls and precise arithmetical examination. Edward became aware of the tradition that milkmaids who had cowpox could not acquire smallpox, a sickness which affects cattle. Jenner used a scientific method which included developing a hypothesis, formulating an experiment, performing the experiment, and taking comprehensive notes used to verify or invalidate the hypothesis. He describes many of his cases including that of Joseph Merret, Sarah Portlock and Mary Barge who all had smallpox as a result of different circumstances. Edward Jenner than made an observation as he writes â€Å"As I have observed, they who have had the smallpox, and are employed in milking cows which are infected with the cow-pox, either escape the disorder, or have sores on the hands without feeling any general indisposition† (Edward Jenner, pg 15). He then conducted experiments in order to prove this hypothesis. Jenner injected the cowpox virus into a hale and hearty boy named James Phipps who was eights years old. Afterward, he intentionally infused the smallpox virus into the boy. The boy did not surrender to smallpox, even after repetitive injections. Jenner conducted this experiment on a total of thirteen patients using cowpox as a vaccine and thus reached to the result, â€Å"After the many fruitless attempts to give the smallpox to those who had had the cow-pox, it did not appear†. (Edward Jenner, pg 29) Jane Jacobs work: The other example used here of work by research and methodology is of Jane Jacobs. The evidence of her work tactics as methodical is taken from her novel â€Å"The Death and Life of Great American Cities†. Jane Jacobs pioneering work is over three decades old which not only disrupted the conservative ideas on the construction of cities and assisted in reshaping city development, but she did this as an unskillful and as a woman, both historically frowned on in the world of academic psychiatry. With graceful and expressive writing style, Jane’s work guides us to consider every ingredient of parks, sidewalks, district, administration and economy, as a collaborative element encircling both, structure and going further to the implementation dynamics of our environment. Jane Jacobs acquired no proper education in architecture or urban development. She relied on personal interpretation of her environment in her town Greenwich in New York City to provide material for her accusations against the imposing gurus of the architectural occupation. Jacobs starts off by making an observation of brief history of where recent city development came from. â€Å"The Death and Life of Great American Cities† mainly contains observations made by common sense alongside statistical evidence, finances, sociology and values at the base of the author’s opinion. In her point of view, the muddle we identify as cities nowadays emerged from Utopian futurist from Europe and America in the beginning of 19th century. Jacobs claimed that modern system for of planning cities discards the city because it shows no regard to people residing in a society exemplified by layered complications and showing havoc. Now planners use reasoning based on presumptions to find ideology by which to plan cities. Of these strategies, the most ferocious was urban restitution; the most common was separation of uses (i. e. housing and business). She believes that these policies damages societies and inventive economies by forming remote, deviant urban areas. For Jacobs, the solution to this problem, leading to victorious city rests on one word: diversity. In the writers’ perception, this deficiency in diversification results in financial decline, slums, felony, and terrors that are all too known to listeners of the evening news. Cities that function in finest way, utilizes an extensive range of varied interests that draw people and not repel them. Unfortunately, administrator and social planners always believe that planning from the top is better always better than taking and initiative from the bottom. Jacobs concludes that all of these plans persist to apply pressure on the modern city, and that all of them are a failure. Jane Jacobs takes us on an instructive journey throughout the tribulations of modern urban foundation which is synthetically engineered to meet political and financial program. After reading this, we have a greater and clearer understanding of the inherent character of our cities as foundations should be. References Jenner, Edward. 1996. Vaccination against Smallpox. Published by Prometheus Books Hopkins, Donald. 2002. The Greatest Killer: Smallpox in History. Published by the University of Chicago Press Jacobs, Jane. 1961. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Published by Vintage books Lynch, Kevin. 1960. The Image of the City. Published by The MIT Press Bazin, Herve. 2000. The Eradication of Smallpox: Edward Jenner and the First and Only Eradication of a Human Infectious Disease. Published by Academic Press

Evaluate the Usefulness of a Range of Criteria Available for Measuring

Development is ‘the use of resources and the application of available technology in order to bring about an increased standard of living within a country'. *1 There are variations in the economic development of different countries; this has lead to the formation of the ‘Development Gap'. In 1980, the Brandt Report divided the world into rich (North) and poor (South) sectors and found that in developing countries more than 800 million are impoverished and 17 million die needlessly before they are five years old. 25 per cent of the world's population live in the north but consume 80 per cent of all the goods made. Over the years there has been a wide range of criteria used for measuring development. These measures have included GNP which is used when looking at the wealth of a country and GNP per capita which looks at the wealth of a country when divided by the number of people. There are specific measures, for example number of people per doctor, adult literacy, food intake and birth & death rates. These are useful measures when looking at specific areas of development but are too specific when dealing with development as a whole. HDI is also used to bridge the gap between GNP and the other specific measures. It is made up by using a range of data. This report will investigate which measures are the most useful at giving a true and fair view of how fast development is taking place in a sample of countries and the reasons for this. The countries used (as shown on appendix 2: a world map) were selected by choosing every seventh country from appendix 1, The World: Social and Economic Statistics) *1 Source: Letts, A2 in a week: Geography. Analysis The Gross National Product (GNP) of a country is one of the most recognisable measures of development. It is an estimate of the value of the countries production and measures the value of goods and services provided in a country, plus the balance of income from abroad. Until it is split by the population of the country (creating GNP per capita) GNP it is not an accurate measure of development. This is because one country with 7 million people could have the same output as a poorer country with 700 million people. HDI was devised by the United Nations and ranks all countries, taking into account their national income, life expectancy, adult literacy and year's people spend in education, which in themselves could be used as measures of development. It is a measure of national human progress. It is measured on a scale of between 0 and 1 with the more developed countries near 1 and the least developed countries nearer 0. Food Intake is the average number of calories a person consumes per day. The more developed a country is the more calories are person is likely to intake, as food is more readily available. Adult Literacy is the percentage of males and females that are unable to read or write a simple sentence. Again, the more developed a country is the lower this figure will be. In more developed countries there tend to be more doctors per a smaller section of society, so health care tends to be better, this could lengthen life expectancy of a country. The semi-log graph shows that countries with a high GNP per capita tend to have a low doctors per population figure but for those countries with a low GNP there is no pattern for doctors per population, with Burkina Faso having a GNP of US$ 180 and having 34804 people per doctor where as the Gambia has a GNP per capita of US$ 320 but Gambians have 1400 people per doctor. The only apparent anomaly on this graph was for the data for Mozambique that has a GNP of US$ 2000 and 36225 people per doctor. In relation to Togo, they have fewer doctors per person but a higher GNP. This could have been because in 1975 the government, nationalized health services and so doctors that were practicing for profit may have stopped practicing as they did not want to practice in a nationalized health service. In 1985 Mozambique, was effected by drought leading to a loss of 25% of all grain produced, leading to mass starvation, so people with specialist qualifications such as doctors may have found employment in other countries in order to keep their families from starving. This is likely to have been similar in 1991 when the country was affected by drought again. The Gambia The Gambia is a LEDC in West Africa. The Gambia has a GNP of US$ 354 million, this is extremely low when compared to US$ 1094734 million but when split between the 1.2 million inhabitants equaling a GNP per capital of US$ 320 million, where as Britain's GNP per capita when split between its 268 million inhabitants is US$ 18700 million, so Gambia's GNP per Capita is relatively very low as well. The Gambia's GNP is split, 1.8% spent on health (Britain sends 2.5 times this amount on health care), 2.7% spent on education (half of what Britain spends) and 3.8% spent on the military (which is 0.7% more than Britain, but of a smaller figure so Britain is spending more money on its military, just a lesser percentage). Gambians take in approximately 2360 calories per day and have 1400 people per doctor. This compares to 3732 calories per day and 421 people per doctor in Britain. In the 1980's there was a sudden drop in the production of agricultural exports due to several severe drought. This led to an increase in unemployment, migration to the capital and an increase in foreign dept to import food. In 1993 agriculture and tourism was hit by the consequences of the European economic crisis. The Gambia's trade with Senegal was also damaged when the Central Bank of Western African States decided to stop financing trade. The economy is now improving due to a developing tourist industry with new hotels being built to capitalize on the European tourist. Cuba Cuba has a GNP of US$ 13700 million but with a population of 11.3 million its GNP per capita is US$ 1250 million. Although Cuba has a higher GNP than Gambia, it also has a larger population to share it between, although Cuba's GNP per capita is still high. Cuba's GNP until 1990 relied on highly upon the former Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries and so with the fall of communism, Cuba's GNP will have fallen. Its 1994 Cuba's HDI position was 0.723, this in relation to The Gambia is high because the Gambia's HDI is only 0.281, but in comparison to Sweden Cuba has a low HDI as Sweden's HDI is 0.936; while Cuba's population food intake (in calories per day) is 2833. There are 275 people per doctor; this could be because Cuba spends 7.9% of its GNP on health services. In the 1960's the Cuban government, under their leader Castro, ran campaigns to free Cuba of illiteracy and improve health services and by 1964 the illiteracy campaign was complete and Cuba was free of illiteracy. Cuba could remain free of illiteracy today because they spend 6.6% of their GNP on education. The military budget will have been gradually reduced over recent years after the threat from the United States of America had subsided after the Cold Was finished, and now only 2.8% of the GNP is spent on the military. Now Cuba is been advertised as a tourist destination, this will help to raise their GNP as there will be more money coming into the country, which can then go into services such as health, benefiting the whole of the country. Ethiopia Ethiopia (an LEDC in Africa) has a GNP of US$ 5722 million, this figure is lower than that for Cuba but higher than that for the Gambia (another LEDC in Africa) and a GNP per capita of US$ 100 million when split between the 58.5 million inhabitants. The Gross National Product has been split 1.1% on health, 6.4% on education and 2.1% on their military. Ethiopians take in approximately 1610 calories per day, this shows that many people in Ethiopia suffer from malnutrition. There are 32499 people per doctor, which is very high compared to Cuba, which only has 275 people per doctor; this is possibly because not much of the GNP is spent on health care. In 1984 Ethiopia was badly affected by drought and famine, this had started 2 years earlier and caused hundreds of thousands of people to die from starvation. It also caused the crops for those years to fail and so there was nothing to sell causing GNP to fall dramatically. In the late 80's Ethiopia was involved in a civil war that consumed more than 60% of Ethiopia's national budget and agriculture was still slumping. United States With a GNP of US$ 7100007 million, the United States of America has the largest GNP of all countries (22187 that of The Gambia's) but when split between its 268 million nationals its GNP per capita equates to US$ 26980 million, this is lower than that of Germany, Denmark, Sweden and Japan. This GNP is then split down into 14.3% on health services, 5.5% on education and 3.8% on its military forces. The US has a HDI rating of 0.942 and the American people consume 3732 calories per day, which is the most after Ireland and Cyprus. American's have 421 people per doctor, which is double the number of people per doctor in Austria. A high GNP could be as a result of American Transnational companies which spread around the world in the post Second World War period. In 1991, 15% of the US population lived below the poverty line. Those most affected were those citizens from African and Latin American origins. In January 1994, the US joined with Mexico and Canada to form The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which reduced trade with Europe as Americans found it cheaper to buy and sell to Canada and Mexico. Tourism is the biggest industry in the US but after the terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001, visitor numbers fell dramatically, having a significant effect on the American economy as people were scared to travel in case of reprisals. More recently, visitor numbers have fallen as a result of the conflict in Iraq as people feared more terrorist attacks to revenge the invasion of Iraq.

Human resources management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Human resources management - Assignment Example The hard HRM philosophy is based on the notion of tight strategic control and the soft model on the contrary is based on controlling through commitment. However, it must be admitted that because of the diverse nature of the two concepts their incorporation into a single model of HRM remains incomplete and improper (Truss, et al., 1997, p.53). The basic differences between the two philosophies can be elaborated using the Michigan and the Harvard models on management. Harvard and Michigan had put forth Theory X and Theory Y for explaining the difference concepts of HRM. Theory X is based on the notion where people are viewed as being lazy and who work for own interest. It considers the interests of people and management as being completely opposite nature and those organizations need to direct their behaviour to the organization’s benefit. Theory Y considers human beings as being emotional possessing feelings and motivation. They actively participate in activities which give the m pleasure and personal realization and that it is the duty of the management to motivate them and help realize their potential (Truss, et al., 1997, p.54). According to the findings of Poole and Mansfield, (1994), the hard model comprises of amore strategic approach which endorses the views of the management more than the employees. On the other hand the soft model emphasizes more on communication, team work and group activities and utilization of individual talents (Gill, 1999, p.2). Theory X which is based on the hard HRM model mainly focuses on the nature of the organization and the organizational characteristics paying very little attention to the nature of the employees while on the contrary, the soft model based on which Theory Y is derived considers nature of employees and their needs and requirements for delivering to the organization (Price, 2007, p.42). Also the soft model of HRM considers increased satisfaction as the management’s main aim against the various calc ulated methods which characterizes the hard model. Lastly it must be mentioned that the hard model was one of the very first theories which were developed when organizations were born and they do not exactly demonstrate human nature. They were regarding the ways of managing the workforce through scientific measurements. This theory considered humans as resources like the way machines were treated as resources of the organization. However, the soft model thinks that individuals can be proactive and creative and must be nurtured by the organization in order to ensure their commitment (Price, 2007, p.42). Advantages and disadvantages of each approach Hard HRM practices are extremely tough minded and calculative and communicates through tough languages of economics and business. It focuses on the calculative and quantitative business strategic aspects of managing human resource. The beneficial aspect of this model is that it provides a close integration of the HRM policies, practices, s ystems and activities with the strategic interests of the