Organizational Culture The Best Organizational Performance

The objective of this essay is to critically discuss that the best organisational cultures lead to the best organisational performance using concepts and examples trough analysis of empiric studies. Many studies have proved that organisational culture has a deep influence on many different aspects of an organisational process, employees and their performance. (Lim,1995) A variety of studies occupies that the performance is increased to achieve the organisations goals when employees acknowledge the same norms and values of the organisation. The cultures differ and have a certain complexity. Nevertheless, it is indispensable for the management to initialise each employee to the organisational norms, values, objectives in order to achieve the commitment, which increases the productivity. Culture is collective conditioning of minds helping a the members of one organisation to differ themselves from the other one. (Hofstede, 1980) It is a collection of diverse values and behaviours able to increase performance. (Schein, 1990) Other scientist argued that the culture is defined as â€Å"a set of norms and values that are widely shared and strongly held throughout the organisation† (O’Reilly and Chatman, 1996: 166) It is important to understand and share a culture in an organisation. Culture is helpful to reconstruct the cognition and decisions of employees and has a variety of beliefs, values and assumptions required for each organisation to conduct its business. (Pettigrew,Show MoreRelatedCorporate Culture Essay1176 Words   |  5 PagesThe culture within an organization can make or break how productive and how responsive the business operates. Organizational culture is the set of shared, taken-for-granted implicit assumptions that a group holds and that determines how it perceives, thins about, and reacts to its various environments, (Kinicki, A. and Kreitner, R., 2009).With that being said it becomes important to set values that you want everyone to work by. This will help when new employees are added to the team and will alsoRead MoreCulture Can Be Both An Asset And A Liability1571 Words   |  7 PagesQuestion: Culture can be both an asset and a liability to an organisation Ravasi and Schultz (2006) wrote that Organizational culture is shared values and ideas that guide appropriate behaviour for various situations in the organization. Culture is created for people in an organization to behave consistently, which encompasses identical values, beliefs and principles of all the members (Needle 2010). Therefore, the culture in an organization can affect the ways of its members in work strategy andRead MoreOrganizational Behavior : An Organization1521 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Behavior (OB) entails the study and usage of knowledge about how individuals, people, as well as groups function in organizations (Luthans Yousseff, 2007). Using a systematic approach, organizational behavior interprets people/organization relations in terms of the groups, individuals, entire organization, and social system. The main objective of organizational behavior is to help find or develop better relationships by attaining human objectives, social objectives and ult imatelyRead MoreCostco Wholesale Corporation s Organizational Structure1500 Words   |  6 PagesCostco Wholesale Corporation’s organizational structure is based on the company’s current operation and locations as well as the market. The organization structure is the shape to connect different organizational components to address the business needs. Costco’s organizational structure active enables the management of operations in different markets. Even though Costco is the biggest membership warehouse club in America, and designed it structure for success in the management of it business inRead MoreOrganisational Culture1310 Words   |  6 PagesWhat Is Organizational Culture? Organizational  culture refers to a system of shared assumptions, values, and beliefs that show employees what is appropriate and inappropriate behavior.[1] These values have a strong influence on employee behavior as well as organizational performance. In fact, the term organizational culture was made popular in the 1980s when Peters and Waterman’s best-selling book In Search of Excellence made the argument that company success could be attributed to an organizationalRead MoreThe Role Of Organizational Performance And Organizational Innovation1277 Words   |  6 Pagesleadership s influence on market performance? The extensive and diverse literature on organizational innovation has received important contributions from works on organizational learning in the last decade. Darling-Hammond, L (2000). Much of this paper has observed a positive relationship between organizational performance and organizational innovation in the market limitation Different types of organizational performance adaptive generative and organizational innovation incremental radical areRead MoreMy Personal Definition Of Organizational Behavior Essay1226 Words   |  5 Pagespersonal definition of â€Å"organizational behavior† and how it affects the workplace in a both positive and negative way. As I established a definition for organizational behavior on my own, I realized how broad the term really is. I will discuss the different leadership styles and how they benefit the workplace, how the employees work ethic is based on the different organization structures, how organizational behavior can be promoted by organizational constraints, and how culture can affect the workplaceRead MoreThe Role Of Organizational Performance And Organizational Innovation940 Words   |  4 Pagesleadership s influence on market performance? The extensive and diverse literature on organizational innovation has received important contributions from works on organizational learning in the last decade. Darling-Hammond, L (2000). Much of this paper has observed a positive relationship between organizational performance and organizational innovation in the market limitation Different types of organizational performance adaptive generative and organizational innovation incremental radical areRead MoreHrm 290 : Project Course1178 Words   |  5 Pagesand what the company stands for, while the vision is about where the company sees itself in the far future. 2. Chapter 2: Organizational Structure †¢ Types of organizational structure: defines how activities such as task allocation, coordination and supervision are directed toward the achievement of organizational aims. †¢ Departmentalization: is an aspect of organizational design that includes the subdivision of a business into units based on their function or other criteria. †¢ Chain of commands:Read MoreOrganizational Behavior Of An Automotive Manufacturing Environment1601 Words   |  7 PagesOrganizational Behavior Organizational behavior is composed of many systems working both independently and dependently to influence the behavior of an organization’s employees. The textbook defines organizational behavior as, â€Å"the field of study devoted to understanding, explaining and ultimately improving the attitudes and behaviors of individuals and groups in organizations† (Colquitt, LePine Wesson, 2013). In attempt to further define, three subjects from an automotive manufacturing environment

Rhetorical Analysis Of Dr. Kings Letter From Birmingham Jail

While in jail, Dr. King experienced many difficulties and hardships but rather than whining about his struggles he decided to write a letter to his followers outside of the jail. He speaks on the injustice, lack of freedom, and abuse his people are enduring which he does not agree with or will not stand by and let it happen. His outspokenness and his drive for equability is how he (wrongfully) ended up in the Birmingham city jail in the first place. The idea and vison of the letter was great and probably desired by his people but it could have been written out and executed in a different manner although he wasn’t as highly educated as he would have liked to be due to the color of his skin. In 1963, during the Civil Rights Movement,†¦show more content†¦Although imprisoned, writing this letter has been one of the most memorable and influential things he did while he was away. Also in this letter, he talks about how his work and the people who follow him practice and wo rk towards getting people to do what’s right and to abide by the law and the rules of the land. â€Å"You express a great deal of anxiety over our willingness to break laws. This is certainly a legitimate concern. Since we so diligently urge people to obey the Supreme Courts decision of 1954 outlawing segregation in the public schools, at first glance it may seem rather paradoxical for us consciously to break laws. One may well ask: How can you advocate breaking some laws and obeying others? The answer lies in the fact that there are two types of laws: just and unjust. I would be the last to advocate disobeying just laws.† Telling how his job is to get everyone to do what’s right he then questions, would they conclude that he’s doing things of the opposite nature? Maybe because he’s an African American man and that is what’s expected of them. Being imprisoned gave Dr. King time to think and recap over everything he needed to address which wa s honestly greatly appreciated in the long run. In conclusion, the letter was overall a great concept. It provided may valid points and addressed many problematic issues. There were parts of the letter that were emotional and made readers feel a maybe saddened as they thought about the many things addressed asShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis Of Dr. Kings Letter From Birmingham Jail 922 Words   |  4 PagesIn paragraphs 12-14 of â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail†, Dr. King begins addressing the clergymen’s belief that the peaceful demonstrations conducted by him and his associates were untimely. King starts answering questions frequently heard by opposing or moderate forces, as well as essentially denouncing the resistance to desegregation. King then introduced the relationship between the oppressor and the oppressed; concluding that the oppressor is not inclined to act on things that do not directly affectRead More Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter From a Birming ham Jail Essays1088 Words   |  5 PagesDr. Martin Luther King Jr.s â€Å"Letter From a Birmingham Jail† In King’s essay, â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail†, King brilliantly employs the use of several rhetorical strategies that are pivotal in successfully influencing critics of his philosophical views on civil disobedience. King’s eloquent appeal to the logical, emotional, and most notably, moral and spiritual side of his audience, serves to make â€Å"Letter From Birmingham Jail† one of the most moving and persuasive literary pieces of the 20thRead MoreRhetorical Analysis Letter from Birmingham Jail1517 Words   |  7 PagesDevin Ponder Eng291-001 13 September 2013 Rhetorical Analysis Rhetorical Analysis of â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail,† by Martin Luther King, Jr., is a letter in which King is writing to his â€Å"fellow clergymen† in a response to their recent criticism of the actions he was leading in Birmingham at the time. The letter was written in April of 1963, a time when segregation was essentially at a peak in the south. Birmingham, in particular, is described by King as â€Å"probablyRead MoreAn Analysis of Martin Luther King Jrs Letter from Birmingham Jail776 Words   |  3 PagesEssay analysis Letter from Birmingham Jail by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr (African Studies Center, 2013). :Letter from Birmingham Jail is a powerful piece of writing that graces the writings by Martin Luther. Part of the power lies in the use of rhetorical devices such as ethos, logos, and pathos in the letter. Luther used these stylistic devices and literary approaches to express his message, intention and express the mood of the letter making a masterpiece like no other letters before. Read MoreRhetorical Devices In Letter From Birmingham Jail1323 Words   |  6 PagesLetter from Birmingham Jail Dr. King was arrested in 1963 in the struggle for civil rights for African-Americans. â€Å"The Letter from Birmingham Jail†, written a few days after King’s arrest, defended Dr. King’s argument about the civil rights movement. He uses the pathos, ethos, and logos modes of persuasion and uses several rhetorical strategies such as metaphors, citing authority, parallelism, Rogerian strategy, and anaphora to defend his argument against racism and segregation. Dr. King uses theRead MoreCritical Analysis: Letter from Birmingham Jail1191 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Analysis Essay â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† In arguing, writers use different techniques to effectively convey their message to their intended audience. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail was a response to A Call for Unity by eight white clergymen in which King’s presence in Birmingham and his methods of public demonstration were questioned. King’s letter was not only a response to his presence in Birmingham, but he also used the opportunity to address theRead MoreA Rhetorical Analysis Of Dr. Martin Luther King On The Church1256 Words   |  6 PagesA Rhetorical Analysis: Dr. King on the Church Missionary and Professor Charles Porter vocalizes a profound point during a lecture, â€Å"The only person who justifies us is Jesus.† This speaks measures regarding the Church and their responsibility to uphold justice. As people who claim to follow Jesus, the Church should be leading the charge against injustice. However, in the past century it failed to act upon the injustice of segregation. Analyzing Letter from Birmingham Jail, it becomes clear thatRead MoreLetter from Birmingham Jail1872 Words   |  8 Pages2015 Letter from Birmingham Jail-Rhetorical Analysis Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote the â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† in order to address the biggest issue in Birmingham and the United States at the time (racism) and to also address the critics he received from the clergymen. The letter discusses the great injustices happening toward the Black community in Birmingham and although it is primarily aimed at the clergymen King writes the letter for all to read. In his â€Å"Letter from Birmingham JailRead MoreCivil Disobedience By Henry David Thoreaus Letter From A Birmingham Jail1605 Words   |  7 PagesThoreau and The Letter from a Birmingham Jail by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr and taking a closer look at their rhetorical devices and strategy’s. In Civil disobedience by Henry David Thoreau shows us the need to prioritize some one’s wellbeing over what the law says. American laws are criticized mostly over slavery and the Mexican-American war. In Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.’s â€Å"Letter from a Birmi ngham Jail† was written in response to a letter written by clergymen criticizing the actions of Dr. King and theRead More Martin Luther Kings Letter from Birmingham Jail Essay1241 Words   |  5 PagesRhetorical Analysis of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.s Letter from Birmingham Jail In his essay Letter from Birmingham Jail, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. disproves the assumptions of people that believe racism is acceptable when he compares the maltreatment of blacks to the inhumane treatment of the Jews by Hitler. King establishes a relationship with his audience by connecting on a level that is larger than the exploitation of African Americans rights. He forces his readers to think about

International Trade and Globalization

Question: Discuss about the International Trade and Globalization. Answer: Introduction The following study covers discusses on international trade and globalization by incorporating several factors that provides economic benefit, environmental and social benefit. International trade refers to the exchange of products or services between the business organizations of different countries across the globe that represents considerable share in the factor of Gross Domestic Product. Global trading between the countries and business organizations provides emphasis on several factors as well as it provides global consumers with several opportunities in terms of market exposure related to various sectors (Antras and Foley 2015). Considering the global market of Starbucks, around two- thirds of stores are owned under joint venture partnership which reported increase in sales by around $990 million.In order to increase to expand the market, Starbucks considered acquisition of 60.5% shares of the unit in Japan that resulted the company in becoming second-largest retailer The present study highlights the discussion on several benefits of international trade that improves global trading, advancement of technologies, advantages in terms of economies of scale and scope. For instance, opening up the stores by Starbucks outside United States created expansion of business and increase in profitability by around $89 million (Starbucks Coffee Company 2017). The analysis covers the discussion on employment opportunities as the countries involves in increasing export trading which eventually requires increase in production of goods and service and as a result will require increased number of human resources. Discussion Trade refers to the concept of economy that involves buying and selling of products and services against the compensation or price in exchange paid to the seller by the respective buyers. Globalization indicates the procedure by which the business organization improves the business influence at an international level considering the interchange of production factors, ideas and cultural views. Each country is involved various level of trading products and services in accordance with the available resources and environmental factors but increase of demand in the economy makes it insufficient to satisfy the needs and requirements (Disdier,Fontagn and Cadot 2015). Accordingly, almost all the countries involve in global trading to exchange goods and services in order to acquire the products it lacks while sell the products that it has in surplus (Burnett and Murphy 2014). Considering the current data, it has been observed that total import in Malaysia amounted to around US$176,174 million while export around US$200,211 million that resulted in growth of GDP to around 70.90%. In the recent years, it has been observed that the uneven distribution of resources, unfavorable climate conditions, uneven growth rate and technological factors resulted in increase of global trading (Jaffee2014). Boddewyn (2015) stated that international trade considers the economic factors of demand and supplyfor export and import business considering the domestic requirements and availability of the products. During the year 2014, international trade in United States was adopted by more than 51% of with export value of around US$18.0 trillion in merchandise products. Similarly, export value from commercial services amounted to approximately US$4.87 trillion during the year 2014 which was accounted by more than 34% of traders from developing economies (Boddewyn 2015). For instance, trade of coffee products in Starbucks international company has been a largest company for coffee. Supply and demand factors for coffee products has affected its trade at international level as the production of coffee is in more than 50 regions hence, the production exceed the level of demand that influence the price structure in the overseas region as well in domestic region (Starbucks Coffee Company 2017). Figure 1: Statistical analysis of Starbucks (Source: Starbucks Coffee Company 2017) However, Baier, Bergstrand and Feng (2014) argued that international trading negatively affects the domestic market since import- export business captures the market share for the domestic products and eventually increase the prices, which affect the consumers benefits. On the contrary, Jorgenson and Rice (2015) provides that international trade reduce the monopoly business structure that eliminates sellers power to increase products price which is unfavorable for the economy and society. For instance, United States and Brazil produce sugar that has demand and supply in the domestic market. It has been observed that Brazil has the advantage of low cost considering the equilibrium level whereas United States has higher cost at the equilibrium level (Epstein and Buhovac 2014). Accordingly, the gap between demand and supply of sugar levels between the countries would be balanced by producing and supplying the product providing overall gains from international trade (Epstein and Buhovac2014). Moreover, international trade also considers the elements of PESTEL analysis that is related to the external environment in terms of international markets. According to Ercin and Hoekstra (2014), PESTEL analysis is essential for global trading as it affects the import and export business between different countries. Considering the business structure of Starbucks, it can be said that acquiring the raw materials coffee largely depends on the political factor as well as economic factors that is rate of exchange and tax level influence the companys production in different regions. Figure 2: PESTEL Analysis (Source: Marchi, Maria and Micelli2013) PESTEL Analysis Political Political factor of a country is different from the other country, which influences the supply level of products together with the price structure and utilization of resources. In case of Starbucks, increased political regulations in developing countries other than US affected the purchase of raw materials to produce coffee. (Starbucks Coffee Company 2017) Economic Economic factor relates to the factors on growth of economy of two different countries, impact of interest rates, rates of exchange as well as inflation rate that differs in each country. (Marchi, Maria and Micelli2013) For instance, inflation rate in Australia has been 4% while in Malaysia the rate of inflation has been 3% whereas interest rate of Australia has been 1.5% and that of Malaysia 3%, which represents that the Malaysian country is appreciating country. Social Social factors related to the growth of population, preferences and employment opportunities that has direct impact on the foreign markets. Starbucks notably considered the tastes and preferences of consumers, which helps in improving the brand value and product quality as well as increase in sales approximately by $990 million. (Starbucks Coffee Company 2017) Technological International trade is affected with the technological factor, which differs between the countries (Yarbrough and Yarbrough 2014) Further, technological factor also improved global trading due to changes in infrastructure and devices that helps the business organizations in trading from anywhere at any place for example, through internet technology. Environmental Environmental factor is significant element for international trade that incorporates evaluation of resource scarcity, pollution and climate factors and other governance factors that impacts the demand and supply of the products within the country. (Marchi, Maria and Micelli 2013). For instance, oil production in Middle East region is highest that produces around 27.9 million oil barrels, exports oil to different countries with high demands and low supply of oil due to climate factors and factors of resource scarcity. (Yarbrough and Yarbrough 2014) Legal Legal factor provides impact on the international business with respect to the business opportunities, safety measures for manufacturing process, standards for publicity or marketing and rights and obligations of consumers (Laursen2015). However, the potential threats for Starbucks include consumer awareness, inflation rates and increase in the currency exchange that affects the marketability of the company across the border. As the elements of macro- economic influence trading across international boundaries in different sectors, performance of export- import business results in strong competition among the organizations and industries (Yarbrough and Yarbrough 2014). According to J. Contractor (2013), trade competitiveness among the business organizations across the international boundaries has increased over the years for generating higher incomes, better job opportunities and better availability of products at fair price. On the contrary, Disdier, Fontagn and Cadot (2015) argued that international business or trade affected the domestic market adversely and discouraged competitiveness among the local industry as well as business entities having low capital flows or low investments. In case foreign trade or international trade, entry of business in the developing countries creates job opportunities, for instance, opening of new law firm based in United States in the new markets of China creates employme nt opportunities for the local people of China in a different sector. Such opportunity eliminates the mobilization of individuals to other countries in search of job or employment that increases cost of living, cultural differences and other unfavorable differences (Xiaojun, Lingsha and Yanhua2014). Lee, Biglaiser and Staats (2014) stated that international trade under the direct export mode of entry assists the organizations as well as countries in capitalizing the economies of scale in terms of income level and production level. On the contrary, Johanson and Mattsson (2015) provide that import or export mode of entry requires compliance of several trade policies of both the exporting as well as importing countries along with the exporting countries. International joint venture is carried by the business organizations to share trade and business risk, to improve economies of scale and to improve market access by creating different channels of distribution (Shiet al.2014). Starbucks, originally a US company entered into the market of Japan by considering Joint Venture as a mode of entry. The company opted to enter the Japanese market via joint venture since it involves low rate of risk as well as the benefits of knowing the Japanese market structure as the partner of the company held 50% share. Starbucks in Japan contributes to the global economy growth along with the creation of job opportunities for different class of individuals. It has been noted that international trade of the company in Japan assists in creating around 700,000 jobs, which eventually help in creating $450- billion value in the global market. In the recent years, Starbucks has been a largest chain for coffee products in the region of Japan that shares around 48.0% market while the stores have reflected growth of around 7.3% in a year since the past several years (Starbucks Coffee Company 2017). In addition, it has been noted that the organization has more than 1000 stores in the co untry with the aggressive expansion of 10% growth annually in the future years. Additionally, it is also been a non- smoking zone which attracted the young generation in Japan resulted in revenue growth by around 25% during the financial year 2013- 14 (Starbucks Coffee Company 2017). The international growth of Starbucks has been uneven in the recent years, which projects the economic troubles across the region. Due to the impact in foreign currency exchange, it has been projected that the organizational revenue might result in decline at least by 10% over the years. Another major threat for Starbucks in Japan is the unstable price of the product coffee that is based on the price of Arabica beans and Robusta beans that are used for instant coffee as well as the supermarket brands (refer to appendix 1). Rising competition by the other organizations like Dunkin Donuts, across the Japan region is another threat that may affect the strong presence of the organization over the coming five years (Starbucks Coffee Company 2017). On the contrary, it has been observed that the organization incorporates strong record of growth in terms of top- line as well as bottom- line from the period 2010- 2014 which reflected a growth of 53% in the revenue and 50% growth in the value of earnings per share (refer to appendix 2). In the recent years, international trade of Starbucks in Japan reflected full control over the business and predicted that the revenue would increase over $1 billion. Owever, growth of the organization would be affected due to acquisition of Starbucks in the region of Japan as well as due to the affect of weak currency value against dollar. In addition, the slowdown rate of economy in the region of Japan might influence the companys long- term growth (refer to appendix 3). Challenges for Starbucks Opportunities for Starbucks The major challenge for the organization under international trade in Japan is rising cost of the coffee beans and other food products as raw materials that might affect the production cost Among the identified potential challenges for Starbucks, opportunity for new acquisition within the Japanese market expects to increase the growth and sustainability by more than 45%. External market risk of the business is another major challenge in Japan since many small business firms would provide the similar product at lower price affordable by the younger generation of Japan over Starbucks (refer to appendix 4). It has been observed that the growing demand for fast foods and beverage products would influence the growth in market share for the organization over the subsequent years by more than 8%. Other than the economic challenges, changes in the technological factors that influence the entire industrial growth between 39% and 22%. Changes in market as well as new and improved market trends would reflect growth opportunity for Starbucks organization by more than 35% to 50%. Table 1: Challenges and opportunities of Starbucks (Source: Created by author) Considering the opportunities and challenges for the organization it can be said that if the cost of production increases, the quantity of the production will be lowered and the profit margin might also decline. As the price of coffee beans expects to rise, it will influence the cost of production at higher rate, which will lower the profitability. On the contrary, if the organizations considers low price of raw materials, it is expected to increase the product supply by around 70% by the end of two subsequent years. In Japan, it is possible that the local government may not support the trade of coffee products while the consumer preference might shift to other beverage product, hence the company will have to reduce the sales price. Consequently, the company is recommended to allocate the sales price at moderate level so that the sales through younger generation improve, as their income level is comparatively lower. Other than the joint venture mode, international business trade includes mergers and acquisition, which refers the transfer or combination of business ownership consisting of assets and liabilities (Lee, Biglaiserand Staats2014). As per the latest reports, business strategy of Starbucks included acquisition of Teavana Holdings valued to around $620 million while a buy of $40 billion in tea products to boost its overall market economy (Jackson and Nei2015).This step by Starbucks in international trade reflects impact on coffee premium price, which increased to 53%. In the recent year, merger and acquisition between Shire and Baxalta within a pharmaceutical industry occurred for an amount of $32 billion deal including cash offer as well as stock offer. Shire based in Dublin, Ireland acquired Baxalta based in United States to create biotechnology globally in order to serve patients with severe diseases or other specialized conditions. Consequently, the organization acquired the foreign market for providing diversified services for critical disease, which eventually resulted in business growth by more than 50%. The growth experienced by the organization was due to incorporation of advanced technologies and equipment available in United States helped in identifying and curing critical dieses. Accordingly, mergers and acquisitions across the borders provide effective business operation opportunities with respect to access to the local markets across the globe. On the contrary, Kander et al. (2015) stated certain drawbacks of merger and acquisitionin terms of loss of experienced employees that incorporates business loss. Due to the Teavana acquisition it was noted that the sales of local market in coffee and tea sector declined by 28%- 35% whereas the cost of the organization increased by 40% approximately. Another form of entry of business organizations international trade involves strategic alliances, which incorporates agreement between the organizational parties to conduct business for agreed objectives (Kastneret al. 2014). As the strategic alliance occurs between the partners from different countries, it involves a disadvantage related to foreign confiscation due to the government policies and differences in regulations that affects the co- ordination between the organizations (Cumming et al. 2016). International trade provides global benefits for allocating and utilization of resources in efficient manner together with the utilization of improved technologies (Feenstra2015). One of the major advantages of international trade includes increase of employment within the country due to the establishment of new industries and organizations that diminishes the unemployment rates (Disdier, Fontagn and Cadot 2015). On the other hand, Lee, BiglaiserandStaats (2014) stated that international trade involves higher business cost and economic dependence for the underdeveloped countries since they might be exploited by the developed countries. International trade incorporates barrier to the business development in domestic industries because of the foreign competition and free import trade policies (Lee, Biglaiserand Staats2014). Involvement of political dependence, government regulations and trade policies affect the business organizations to conformimport or export trade with the other cou ntries (Becker, Chen and Greenberg 2013). Conclusion As demonstrated in the discussion, international trade has been growing in the recent years to meet the consumers demands as well as to improve the economy of the countries. Different countries have been involved in international trade considering the environmental, social, political, technological, economic and legal factors that influence the trade regulations and policies. Most common entry mode that traders or organizations consider to conduct business globally is the import and export business, which requires compliances of trade regulations and policies of the respective countries. Therefore, international trade has been considering by various organizations to avail the benefits for the development of business and economy together by satisfying consumer demands. References Antras, P. and Foley, C.F., 2015. Poultry in motion: a study of international trade finance practices.Journal of Political Economy,123(4), pp.853-901. 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Epstein, M.J. and Buhovac, A.R., 2014.Making sustainability work: Best practices in managing and measuring corporate social, environmental, and economic impacts.Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Ercin, A.E. and Hoekstra, A.Y., 2014. Water footprint scenarios for 2050: A global analysis.Environment international,64, pp.71-82. Feenstra, R.C., 2015.Advanced international trade: theory and evidence.Princeton university press. Hill, C.W., Cronk, T. and Wickramasekera, R., 2013.Global business today.McGraw-Hill Education (Australia). Contractor, F., 2013. Punching above their weight The sources of competitive advantage for emerging market multinationals.International Journal of Emerging Markets,8(4), pp.304-328. Jackson, M.O. and Nei, S., 2015.Networks of military alliances, wars, and international trade.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,112(50), pp.15277-15284. Jaffee, D., 2014.Brewing justice: Fair trade coffee, sustainability, and survival.Univ of California Press. 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Lee, H., Biglaiser, G. and Staats, J.L., 2014. The effects of political risk on different entry modes of foreign direct investment.International Interactions,40(5), pp.683-710. Marchi, V.D., Maria, E.D. and Micelli, S., 2013. Environmental strategies, upgrading and competitive advantage in global value chains.Business strategy and the environment,22(1), pp.62-72. McGovern, E., 2016.International trade regulation(Vol. 2).Globefield Press. Shi, W.S., Sun, S.L., Pinkham, B.C. and Peng, M.W., 2014. Domestic alliance network to attract foreign partners: Evidence from international joint ventures in China.Journal of International Business Studies,45(3), pp.338-362. Starbucks Coffee Company. 2017. Starbucks. [online] Available at: https://www.starbucks.in/ [Accessed 9 Mar. 2017]. Xiaojun, D., Lingsha, C. and Yanhua, S., 2014. Research on liability of foreignness and international mergers and acquisitions performance.Journal of Management,2(5). 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Domestic Violence The Love Crime Essay Research free essay sample

Domestic Violence The Love Crime Essay, Research Paper Domestic Violence The Love Crime Domestic force is one of the most common and expensive offenses committed today. We all know of person who has been a victim of domestic force and we are about ever cognizant that the culprit loves the victim. Whether in the heat of passion or a bibulous daze the culprit merely wants the victim to understand how much they love them. Sometimes they yell at their victim to seek and acquire this point across. Sometimes they feel they have to crush this idea into their victims, and sometimes the lone manner a victim can understand how much the culprit loves them, is to give their life. This might sound like a misanthropic position of maltreaters but is it, allow s take a expression at a profile ( Marvin ) . The Federal Bureau of Investigation has done on batterers: # 183 ; Low self-pride. This frequently consequences from physical or sexual maltreatment and/or disapproval or disregard by a parent or autocratic figure from the batterer # 8217 ; s childhood. # 183 ; Extreme insecurity and an inability to swear others. Batterers have trouble set uping close friendly relationships. They tend to be critical or covetous of their spouses. # 183 ; Denial of duty for their behaviour. Batterers frequently deny that maltreatment has occurred. They besides minimise the impact of their attacking behaviour or fault their spouses for doing an incident. # 183 ; Need to command. Batterers choose to mistreat their spouses. Their intent is to command them. Batterers use force or attempted or suggested force to do their spouses comply with their wants. The last sentence in this profile is the key to understanding domestic force. When a individual hears that John Doe was convicted of a domestic force charge they automatically think that person has been physically battered. Most reported instances of domestic force are of this assortment. However the most under reported offense is when an maltreater does non really physically buffet a victim but alternatively intimidates and threatens them into entry. Now we must specify what really is Domestic Violence. Harmonizing to the State of Missouri, ( Missouri Revised Statutes ) , Domestic Violence is defined as: Trying to do or doing bodily hurt to a household or family member, or puting a household or family member by menace of force in fright of imminent physical injury ; Fear, this is the power maltreaters have over their victims. Fear of losing their place, life, household, and most significantly fright of losing their kids. Most maltreaters fall into one or more of these types ( Marvin ) : Types of Maltreatment Military officers look intoing domestic force should hold an apprehension of the types of maltreatment they may meet. Because domestic force is a form of coercive control founded on and supported by force or the menace of force, this maltreatment may take the signifiers of physical force, sexual force, emotional maltreatment, and/or psychological maltreatment. Physical force includes punching, choking, biting, striking, hair-pulling, knifing, hiting, or menaces of this type of force. Sexual force is characterized by physical onslaughts of the chest and or venereal country, unwanted touching, colza with objects, and forced sexual dealingss, including matrimonial colza. Emotional maltreatment takes the signifier of a systematic degrading of the victim # 8217 ; s dignity. This may be accomplished by naming the victim names, doing derogatory or take downing remarks, coercing the victim to execute degrading or mortifying Acts of the Apostless, endangering to kill the victim or the victim # 8217 ; s household, commanding entree to money, and moving in other ways that imply that the victim is brainsick. Psychological banging involves all of these characteristics of emotional maltreatment, but besides consists of at least one violent episode or onslaught on the victim to keep the at hand menace of extra assaults. Destruction of belongings is violence directed at the victim even though no physical contact is made between the batterer and the victim. This includes destructing personal properties, household heirlooms, or even the household pet. This devastation is purposeful and the psychological impact on the victim may be every bit annihilating as a physical onslaught. Domestic force is one of the most under reported offenses in America today. Harmonizing to the ( Family Violence Prevention Fund ) while most reported offense rates have fallen domestic force caseloads have risen drastically. The article said in portion The most rapid growing in domestic dealingss caseloads is happening in domestic force filings. Between 1991-1993, of 24 provinces with three twelvemonth filing figures, 18 reported an addition of 20 per centum or more. Does this mean that domestic force is on the rise? No, overall offense rates in the United States are falling. There have been alterations nevertheless in how offenses are reported particularly in the domestic force country of jurisprudence enforcement. What event or series of events have led to the addition in the figure of domestic force instances reported in the last several old ages. Well two chief events led to policy alterations. First even though domestic force has been an issue for old ages it has non been on the forepart burner of the American political scene. It has been merely over the last 30 old ages that it has become a outstanding issue in American society. It is largely due to the adult females s motion of 60s and 70s that we have the statute law we have today to protect victims of domestic force. The one key event that happened and will likely travel down as the straw that broke the camel s back is the O.J Simpson finding of fact. As an article in the ( Women # 8217 ; s International Network News ) put it With her contusions captured in exposure and her fright repeating on a 911 audiotape even after her decease, Nicole Brown Simpson has unleashed a moving ridge of support for beat-up adult females and steadfastly anchored domestic force in the American mind as a job that must be dealt with. Sunday, June 12, 1994 is likely the most of import twenty-four hours in the history of domestic force bar in this states history. In one crazed and violent act O.J. Simpson took domestic force off the dorsum burner and made it one of the most talked about issues in the state. Three months to the twenty-four hours after the state became cognizant of this ghastly offense of domestic force the 2nd event that will forever alter how we see domestic force occurred. The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act ( Violence Against Women Act ) as it is popularly called ) was passed by Congress and signed by President Clinton on September 13, 1994. The act authorized $ 1.6 billion to combat and survey force against adult females, stiffened Torahs against sex wrongdoers, and created bar and intervention plans. The inquiry to be asked is would this measure have passed in its present signifier if non for the Simpson slayings happening merely three months prior? We will neer cognize the reply to that inquiry. We can make up ones mind for ourselves whether or non a lesser measure would hold passed at that point and clip. How did the Simpson finding of fact affected policy? Well harmonizing to the ( Family Violence Prevention Fund ) in a study conducted prior to the Simpson finding of fact and one after the public attitude towards domestic force changed drastically. Here is quote from sum-up of the first study, The huge bulk ( 81 per centum ) of respondents agree that something can be done to cut down the sum of force against adult females, but 26 per centum say that they personally do non cognize what specific action to take. Americans have uncertainties about when a private battle becomes a affair of public policy. While people condemn such opprobrious behaviour as cheering, endangering, catching and shoving, few believe that an apprehension should be made until the likeliness of hurt grows. Twenty-two per centum urge more guidance and 15 per centum recommend learning school kids to avoid force. Womans are more likely than work forces to urge action or intercession when maltreatment becomes physical. Compare that with this extract from a sum-up of a study taken after the Simpson finding of fact, # 8220 ; The media focal point on domestic force is altering public attitudes and spurring people to fall in the attempt to forestall and cut down maltreatment, # 8221 ; said FUND Executive Director Esta Soler. # 8220 ; Increasingly, Americans recognize that domestic force is permeant in our society, and that it is rupturing apart our households and communities. Possibly more than of all time before, there is a corporate finding to turn to this dearly-won and annihilating epidemic. That # 8217 ; s long overdue. # 8221 ; Americans are going more cognizant and less tolerant of maltreatment, the study found. More than 70 per centum of respondents say they learned something # 8212 ; and 48 per centum learned a batch or a just sum # 8212 ; about domestic force from media coverage of the Simpson instance. The following inquiry to inquire is, does a policy spurred on by public sentiment ( such as the Violence against Women Act ) make good jurisprudence? There are differing sentiments on how the jurisprudence is impacting the domestic force jobs in the United States. One of the new thoughts is that physicians should non merely handle the lesions but study maltreatment and help the victim in obtaining aid. This would intend that a physician would be required to transgress patient, physician confidentiality. Research shows that a bulk of domestic force victims and advocators support Torahs necessitating physicians study maltreatment. One such study was taken in Miami two physicians, ( Panagiota, Caralis V. , MD, JD, and Musialowski, Regina ) who found that victims overpoweringly back up merely such a jurisprudence. Here is one of the charts from their study it speaks for itself: Table 4. Patients # 8217 ; Expectations Sing Physicians # 8217 ; Reporting and Treatments of Abuse Victims % of Entire Patients Who Strongly Agree ( * ) Laws should necessitate physicians to describe abuse 79 Doctors should describe abuse if kids in the place 81 Doctors should non describe abuse if: Patient frights she will lose support 9 Patient frights she will lose kids 10 Patient frights for her safety 11 Doctors should supply the undermentioned interventions: Injuries merely 5 Tranquilizers/ hurting medical specialties 12 Psychiatric reding 80 Information on community resources 88 Legal information 60 Help happening shelter 78 Help naming constabularies 60 The job is that grants are given in the ( Violence Against Women Act ) to both promote confidentiality and train people to describe maltreatment. Chapter two of the Act contains this linguistic communication: ( B ) PURPOSES FOR WHICH GRANTS MAY BE USED- Grants under this portion shall supply forces, preparation, proficient aid, informations aggregation and other equipment for the more widespread apprehensiveness, prosecution, and adjudication of individuals perpetrating violent offenses against adult females, and specifically, for the intents of This is the portion of the Act where advocates find support for plans like taking studies of victims and besides funding to develop physicians on how to descry maltreatment. Chapter five contains linguistic communication that would supply grants to analyze how to protect the confidentiality of victims while seeking to protect the Constitutional rights of the culprit. Overall the Act has a few of these two edged blades another is funding to advance compulsory arrest policies. Many States ( including Missouri ) have compulsory apprehension on domestic force calls. An article in the ( ABA Journal ) points out the job with this policy. In portion it states: Compulsory release of bridal privilege, used against the Moons, goes excessively far. Advocates of compulsory release aren # 8217 ; T interested in victims # 8217 ; rights ; if they were, they would esteem a adult female # 8217 ; s right to raise her privilege non to attest. The privilege, after all, applies merely to married people, who make up a little fraction of maltreatment victims ( most are adult females and kids hurt by fellows and ex-husbands ) . A married adult female who wants to remain married might hold many good grounds non to desire to attest against her hubby. The jurisprudence no longer prevents her ( as it one time may hold ) from attesting. She is free to alter her head about conveying charges or attesting if maltreatment continues. If a married woman knows she may be compelled to attest # 8211 ; the ultimate aggravation # 8211 ; against a hubby she truly frights, she is improbable to seek aid from the constabulary and the tribunals. Welcome back to the bad old yearss, when victims had to fear both their maltreaters and the system. Problems that have come out the research done from this support are that it puts involvement groups at odds with each other. The most outstanding battle right now is between advocators of domestic force and advocators for constabulary across the state. In an article from by Suzanne ( Morgan ) from Journal of Women A ; Social Work the new jurisprudence passed doing it a offense for a individual convicted of a misdemeanour domestic force discourtesy could non have or possess a piece. In detailing the new jurisprudence the article stated: On September 30, 1996, the measure, included with the Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Law of 1997, was signed into jurisprudence as EL. 104-208, an Amendment to Entitle 18 of the U.S. Code, subdivisions 922 ( vitamin D ) ( 9 ) and ( g ) ( 9 ) of the Federal Gun Control Act of 1968. The jurisprudence prohibits individuals whom Have been convicted of misdemeanours affecting domestic force from having or possessing pieces. Harmonizing to EL. 104-208, 1996, p. Stat. 3009-371 As for the struggle the article went on to province: Law enforcement organisations and Second Amendment advocators hold formed a powerful confederation to oppose the jurisprudence. They have criticized the firearms policy as unjust and excessively wide and have called for the remotion of the jurisprudence # 8217 ; s retroactive characteristic. If they win in holding the retroactive application nullified, the old position quo or # 8220 ; equilibrium # 8221 ; will be restored, and attempts to hold domestic force become a major policy issue will endure a reverse. However, feminist groups should non decrease their attempts to stop domestic force and to impact necessary alterations in policy. No via media on this policy should be acceptable, because the purpose is to protect human rights at the most basic degree. There are struggles between involvement groups all the clip. Largely, nevertheless these struggles are between opposing groups and non those on the same side of an issue as in this instance. The new consciousness of domestic force is for the most portion assisting as an article in ( St. Louis Post Dispatch ) stated: That changed in the first twelvemonth of Gov. Mel Carnahan # 8217 ; s first term. Missouri now spends $ 2.3 million on contending domestic maltreatment. Missouri besides gets about $ 3.4 million in federal financess, and some counties attach fees to marriage and disassociate edicts to supply such services. More instruction, particularly of professionals, is indispensable. That # 8217 ; s the lone manner to stop the incompatibilities in the enforcement of domestic force Torahs from county to county and courtroom to courtroom # 8211 ; and to vouch that constabulary and Judgess uphold the jurisprudence every bit. Yes, Missouri has come a ways since 1980. But this month, and every clip a adult female or a kid is the victim of household force, we should remind ourselves that coming portion of the manner to safety is non far plenty. Another usage of the financess from the ( Violence Against Women Act ) is in Clay County, Missouri. Where Federal grant money is being put to good usage and is being matched by local dollars. A recent article in the Kansas City, Star gave a elaborate description of the new plan called DART for Domestic Abuse Response Team. The newsman, Shawna ( Hamel ) went into great item with Sheriff Bob Boydston about the domestic force job in Clay County: The unit is needed in Clay County, said Sheriff Bob Boydston. # 8220 ; We started looking at the figure of impermanent keeping orders, or expartes, we issued in 1997, and the Numberss had increasingly increased in the last three old ages, # 8221 ; he said. # 8220 ; We truly noticed a important addition in child maltreatment instances that were really terrible, along with instances of maltreatment to the elderly. # 8221 ; More than 1,900 such orders were served in 1997, Boydston said. # 8220 ; We # 8217 ; re impacting this job in a really positive manner, and every bit far as we know, we re the lone jurisprudence enforcement bureau in the province that has a specialised unit for domestic maltreatment, # 8221 ; he said. # 8220 ; We have a unit whose chief duty is covering with the whole moral force of domestic maltreatment, and it # 8217 ; s a unit, that when a adult female has been abused, # 8211 ; mentally, verbally, physically # 8211 ; her safety and acquiring out of this state of affairs is the most of import thing in her life. We # 8217 ; rheniums focused on the victim, and her kids, if she has any, from resources to jurisprudence enforcement assistance. # 8221 ; If all the plans were dedicated to and focused on the victims and non on the endurance of the plan no 1 could or would challenge their effectivity. Programs such as DART are merely funded for three old ages at a clip because they exist at the pleasance of administrative officials and are non judged by what they do but how good they fill out their paper work. Such is the animate being of our democracy repetitive and full of people in govern ment with to much clip on their custodies. The job of domestic force will be with us ever so why do we seek to cover with it utilizing impermanent plans. Plans like DART should be non merely compulsory because they are good for the community but because they save the people revenue enhancement dollars, insurance dollars and medical dollars. No 1 likes to stop a paper with a great trade on supernumerary added information but this job is so serious that to rip off the reader out of the cost of domestic force would be wholly unjust. The Institute for Women’s Policy Research published an article by Diana ( Zuckerman ) and Stacey Friedman is the most comprehensive article I have yet on the existent cost of domestic force. Most of the article is reprinted here: The economic costs of domestic force can be categorized as two types # 8212 ; direct costs and indirect costs. Direct costs consist of the value of the goods and services used in handling or forestalling domestic force ; indirect costs consist of the value of goods and services lost because of domestic force. Direct Costss The Costss of Domestic Violence Project focused on the direct costs of domestic force in the undermentioned countries: # 183 ; Health Care, including exigency room attention, hospitalization, initial or follow-up attention at clinic or physician # 8217 ; s office, nursing place attention, dental attention, mental wellness attention, costs of intervention for sexually transmitted diseases, gestation complications and birth defects, and intoxicant and drug maltreatment intervention ; # 183 ; Child wellbeing, including kid protective services, foster attention, guidance, particular instruction, adolescent gestation, and positive toxicology babies ; # 183 ; Housing, including exigency shelters for homeless and beat-up adult females, supported lodging such as transitional, Section 8, or public lodging, and foreclosure and eviction ; # 183 ; Criminal Justice and the Legal System, including constabulary clip for apprehensions and responses to telephone calls, prison and detainment costs, probation and word costs, prosecution, condemnable tribunal, civil or household tribunal, detention judicial proceeding, child support enforcement, and juvenile tribunal ; # 183 ; Social Services, including domestic force prevention/education, guidance, occupation preparation, protagonism plan costs, preparation costs for constabulary, physicians, etc. ; and # 183 ; Other Costss, for illustration, belongings harm. Direct costs can be calculated by multiplying the prevalence of domestic force by the cost of the services used as a consequence of the force. This is a utile method for finding the cost-effectiveness of intercession schemes because one time a baseline cost is established, any alteration in the cost ( either from a diminution in prevalence or a diminution in cost ) from one twelvemonth to the following can be evaluated after the execution of a new intercession. Of class, non all intercessions are successful in forestalling future domestic force. Table 1 includes informations on the prevalence of domestic force in assorted services ( # 8221 ; use # 8221 ; ) and their costs. These informations should be considered merely as illustrative of how the cost theoretical account might be applied ; costs vary in different parts of the state and services besides vary widely. Further reappraisal is necessary before dependable entire cost figures can be calculated. Table 1. Examples of Direct Costs of Domestic Violence Service Use Costss HEALTH CARE: Emergency room attention 1.5 million adult females seek medical intervention for hurts related to mistreat ( AMA, 1992 ) . A survey at Rush Medical Center in Chicago estimated an mean charge for medical services to abused adult females, kids, and older people as $ 1,633 per individual per twelvemonth, excepting psychological or follow-up costs ( Meyer, 1992 ) . CHILD Wellbeing: Foster attention Of the 256,000 kids in Foster attention ( 1995 est. ) , an estimated 50 % are victims of kid maltreatment ( Committee on Ways A ; Means, 1994 ) . In 45-59 % of kid maltreatment instances the female parent is besides being abused ( McKibben, De Vos, A ; Newberger: 1989 ; Stark A ; Flitcraft: 1988 ) . The per centum of kid maltreatment or Foster attention instances that result from domestic force is unknown. $ 2.5 billion Federal Foster attention expenditures under Title IV-E in 1993 ( Committee on Ways A ; Means, 1994 ) . New York spends $ 13,600 per kid per twelvemonth in Foster attention benefits, excepting protective services ( Zorza: 1994 ) . Homelessness: Emergency shelters 41 % of stateless adult females in household shelters report that they had been battered ( Bassuk A ; Rosenberg, 1988 ) . The Women Against Abuse Center in Philadelphia reported an one-year budget of $ 2.5 million, or $ 68 per individual per twenty-four hours for lodging and services ( Working Woman, 1994 ) . CRIMINAL JUSTICE: Prison and detainment costs of batterers 20,170 male captives were incarcerated for harming an confidant in 1991 ( U.S. DOJ, 1994 ) . Average one-year operating outgos per inmate for all State and Federal correctional installations ( countrywide ) in 1990 were $ 15,513 ( U.S. DOJ, 1992 ) . * For a more complete description of the full scope of indirect costs, see the full study. Health Care Within the wellness attention country, comparatively dependable use and cost informations appear to be available for certain services, including hospitalization and exigency room attention. On the other manus, more specific informations on the figure or per centum of beat-up adult females who use wellness services such as intervention for AIDS/HIV and other STDs are needed. It is estimated that there are 12 million instances of STDs among adult females in the United States each twelvemonth and that intervention costs $ 5 billion yearly ; nevertheless, national informations on beat-up adult females and STDs are missing ( Center for Disease Control, 1995 ) . Because adult females in violent relationships are frequently unable to negociate rubber usage, they may confront a higher hazard of AIDS/HIV and STDs, along with a higher hazard of unwanted gestation. Child Well-Being Although research paperss the hazards that domestic force airss to the physical and mental wellness of kids populating in that environment, there are really limited informations on the prevalence and costs of kids # 8217 ; s services. Straus ( 1992 ) estimated that 10 million adolescents are at hazard for exposure to domestic force each twelvemonth, proposing the demand to roll up more information on the impact and the resulting demand on services. Edleson ( 1997a and 1997b ) provides an overview of surveies documenting the convergence between child ill-treatment and adult females buffeting every bit good as the development jobs kids who witness domestic force experience. All research workers found that at least 20 per centum of work forces who were violent toward adult females spouses had physically abused a kid # 8212 ; in some surveies, the estimations were 50 to 75 per centum. In gauging prevalence of kid maltreatment related to spousal maltreatment, experts should see research grounds that half of all kids in Foster attention are victims of kid maltreatment, and that in about half of kid maltreatment instances, the female parent is besides being abused ; furthermore, the bulk of kids populating in places where there is domestic force are besides abused ( Bowker, 1988 ; see Table 1 ) . In some cases, kid maltreatment occurs in a place where there is no spousal maltreatment and frailty versa ; in other places, there is child maltreatment and spousal maltreatment that have the same cause ; in other state of affairss, domestic force may really do child maltreatment and disregard. For illustration, a kid may be physically harmed when he or she tries to support the female parent, or a kid may be emotionally harmed or neglected because of the force in the place. In order to develop a theoretical account for ciphering the direct and indirect costs of domestic force, it is appropriate to include the costs related to a kid life in an environment of domestic force, but if child maltreatment occurs that is non related to the domestic force, those costs should non be included. It is hard to do this differentiation, because there are no national informations on what per centum of kid maltreatment or disregard is caused by or related to domestic force. The cost of medical attent ion and societal services, including foster attention arrangement, for abused and ignored kids would be a direct cost of domestic force if the domestic force caused the kid maltreatment or disregard. Since kid maltreatment and disregard are the major causes of surrogate attention arrangement, Foster attention could be a significant direct cost of domestic force. Homelessness Research has produced a broad scope of estimations of the per centum of abused adult females in exigency homeless shelters and in publically subsidized lodging. Bassuk and Rosenberg ( 1988 ) found that 41 per centum of stateless adult females in household shelters reported that they had been battered. However, we were unable to obtain nationally representative cost figures for shelters, and located merely local cost figures ( see Table 1 ) . Condemnable Justice Much of the available informations on the costs of domestic force to the condemnable justness system is non at the national degree. There are really limited informations on apprehensions by constabulary, 911 calls, and protective orders, doing it impossible to build a national cost estimation. Because the informations on the usage of condemnable and civil tribunals are based on studies from a important figure of provinces, they are more dependable ( Table 1 shows some national informations on captivities ) . Indirect Costss In finding the indirect economic costs of domestic force, the Costss of Domestic Violence Project focused on the undermentioned countries: # 183 ; Lost Productivity, such as occupation loss and unemployment, productiveness lost due to adult females prevented from working by spouse, coming in late or inability to concentrate due to force at place, break at the work topographic point by the batterer, lost productiveness at work for medical grounds, lost productiveness at work for tribunal visual aspects or other assignments, lost promotion/advancement, lost productiveness due to captivity, and lost productiveness at place for medical or other grounds ; # 183 ; Mortality, including the decease of the beat-up adult females and, less often, the decease of the batterer or their kids. # 183 ; Social and Psychological Costs, such as losingss to adult females, communities and society in footings of quality of life and restraints on human potency and activities. Indexs for mensurating such costs are in their babyhood and are hence excluded from the indirect economic costs theoretical account in the Costss of Domestic Violence Project. However, some of the possible indirect societal and psychological costs are discussed below. Lost Productivity and Mortality In finding the indirect economic cost of domestic force, research workers need to see two sorts of values: 1 ) the cost of lost productiveness ( e.g. , from unwellness, tribunal visual aspects, or captivity ) , and 2 ) the cost of mortality. Much of the informations on productiveness losingss is based on little graduated table surveies and informations on the prevalence of domestic force among working adult females are non available. Nevertheless, preliminary computations for losingss due to domestic force can be made. Table 2 demonstrates how we can incorporate the determination that 30 per centum of abused working adult females lose their occupations with information on adult females # 8217 ; s net incomes by age to give estimations of the cost of lost productiveness. Table 2. Examples of Indirect Costs * Cause Number Affected Loss Job loss of victim 24 % # 8211 ; 30 % abused on the job adult females reported losing their occupations ( Shepard A ; Pence, 1988 ; Stanley, 1992 ) . U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993, provides informations on adult females s gaining graduated tables, by age. ** Poor work wonts 64 % of beat-up adult females arrive at work an hr tardily 5 times per month ( Stanley, 1992 ) . U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993, provides informations on adult females s gaining graduated tables, by age. ** Break at work topographic point 75 % of victims harassed at work by maltreater ( Friedman A ; Couper, 1987 ) . U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993, provides informations on adult females s gaining graduated tables, by age. ** Lost Productivity Due to Premature Mortality 29 % of female homicide victims are murdered by an confidant or other comparative ( Bachman A ; Saltzman, 1995 ) . U.S. Bureau of the Census, 1993, provides informations on adult females s gaining graduated tables, by age. ** * For a more complete description of the full scope of indirect costs, see the full study. ** Datas on the # 8220 ; figure affected # 8221 ; can be combined with information on adult females s net incomes by age to give estimations of the cost of lost productiveness. Indirect Social and Psychological Costss Indirect societal and psychological costs of domestic force include the lessening in quality of life experienced by adult females, communities, and society as a consequence of domestic force and the addition in restraints on beat-up adult females # 8217 ; s human potency and activities ensuing from the force. These costs are documented in many descriptive surveies of beat-up adult females ( Commonwealth Fund, 1995 ; Estes, 1993 ; Miller, Cohen, and Wiersema, 1995 ; and Russell and Megaard, 1988 ) . For illustration, participants in a focal point group run by Victim Services told of losing control of joint resources or detention of their kids, invariably relocating in order to avoid their batterers, being forced to break up societal dealingss with neighbours, friends, and household, being embarrassed by seeable hurts in public state of affairss, experiencing unable to protect their kids, holding their vesture hidden from them, and hence being unable to go forth place, concealing out with household or friends until they became an unacceptable load, and remaining in shelters in distant locations so they could non be tracked. The psychological effects of domestic force that have been evaluated include depression, self-destruction, chronic anxiousness, and sleep want ( Raphael and Tolman, 1997 ) . Indexs for mensurating indirect societal and psychological costs are still being developed ; one time completed, research workers would hold to attach a dollar estimation to them in order to cipher indirect costs. DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND WELFARE For many beat-up adult females, public assistance is the lone income beginning which allows them to instantly free themselves from fiscal dependance on their maltreaters. Three recent surveies on domestic force show that between 57 and 65 per centum of adult females having public assistance have of all time experienced domestic maltreatment, and between 15 and 32 per centum are current victims of physical maltreatment ( Raphael and Tolman, 1997 ) . This has of import deductions for the effectivity of preparation and instruction plans and the impact of public assistance reform. Welfare reform, depending on how it is implemented in a given province, may hold positive or negative effects on the direct and indirect costs of domestic force. States that are antiphonal to the demands of victims of domestic force within their preparation and employment plans face higher direct costs through the proviso of support services and other aid. However, presuming that their intercessions are effectual, the long-run indirect costs will be lower as adult females are able to increase their earning capacity and productiveness. Conversely, in provinces that do non integrate the extra support services, domestic force consequences in the loss of higher net incomes that battered adult females on public assistance could hold received had they completed their occupation preparation or instruction plans. Similarly, the infliction of countenances against adult females on public assistance for disobedience with work or other demands will hold direct and indirect costs. Some provinces have chosen to go through the Family Violence Option, which excludes beat-up adult females from work demands, and other demands if take parting will set her at hazard. Leting these adult females to go on to have benefits will increase direct costs in the short-run ; nevertheless, it may diminish the long-run economic costs of the maltreatment. Those provinces that do non hold the Family Violence Option may see an immediate bead in outgos as adult females are taken off the public assistance functions. However, these cutbacks in public assistance payments could take to increased domestic force as adult females, seeing no fiscal option, remain with their batterers. Those who do non return to hubbies or male spouses may turn to homeless shelters or see their kids placed in surrogate attention, therefore increa sing the costs of domestic force. Bibliography ABA Journal, DOMESTIC VIOLENCE Should victims be forced to attest against their will? ABA Journal, May96, Vol. 82, p76, 2p, 2c. Family Violence Prevention Fund, Public Opinion Polls, Internet availble04/06/99, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.igc.apc.org/fund/the_facts/opinion.html # preoj Hamel, Shawna A. Clay County uses squad attempt to battle domestic maltreatment. KANSAS CITY STAR. February 18, 1999 Thursday Metropolitan Edition. MARVIN, DOUGLAS R. THE DYNAMICS OF DOMESTIC ABUSE. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, Jul97, Vol. 66 Issue 7, p13, 6p, Missouri Revised Statutes, Chapter 488, Section 488.610 Morgan, Suzanne DOMESTIC VIOLENCE GUN BAN: AN ANALYSIS OF INTEREST-GROUP CONFLICT Journal of Women A ; Social Work, Winter 1998, Vol. 13 Issue 4, p474, 13p. Panagioti, V. Carlis, MD, JD, and Musialowski, Regina, WOMEN # 8217 ; S EXPERIENCES WITH DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND THEIR ATTITUDES AND EXPECTATIONS REGARDING MEDICAL CARE OF St. Louis Post-Dispatch. PROGRESS IN PROTECTING WOMEN. August 29, 1998, Saturday, FIVE STAR LIFT EDITION. Section: NEWS, Pg. 23, NATION/WORLD BRIEFS COLUMN. Violence Against Women Act, /Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act. Internet, Available 04/06/99, hypertext transfer protocol: //www.usdoj.gov/vawo/vawa/vawa.htm Women # 8217 ; s International Network News, US DOMESTIC VIOLENCE A CENTRAL NATIONAL ISSUE Autumn95, Vol. 21 Issue 4, p79, 8/9p. Zuckerman, Diana and Friedman, Stacey, Measuring the Costss of Domestic Violence Against Women A sum-up of the findings of the costs domestic force undertaking, Feburary, 1998 Available 04/06/99 hypertext transfer protocol: //www.iwpr.org/COSTS.HTM

Essay Examples on Othello Essay Example

Essay Examples on Othello Paper 1st Essay Sample on Othello 1. Othello is a very sympathetic character. He is tricked into thinking that his wife is having an affair with another man. Several other characters in the play, especially Iago, have such a grudge against Othello that they simply hate him and want to ruin his life. They don’t care who gets hurt in the process and are motivated by nothing but sheer selfishness. Iago is also highly duplicitous, and Othello actually trusted him. The audience has to feel sorry for Othello because he is severely persecuted, tricked, and deceived. He seems like a decent individual, too, in spite of the tragic ending of the drama. Othello stays strong throughout most of the play, defending himself gracefully in front of the court and only losing his temper at the end. He might not be aware of Iago’s plot but he might sense the persecution. He becomes weak at the end mainly because he buckles under the pressure of feeling deceived even though he believes Desdemonda deceived him and not Iago. When he commits suicide it is because he cannot live with himself after killing Desdemonda; he does not kill her out of cruelty but out of anguish. 2. One of the reasons why Othello believed that Desdemonda was unfaithful was because their relationship was new. They had not yet developed the trust that requires many years of marriage. We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Othello specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Othello specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Essay Examples on Othello specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Because their relationship was new, Othello was more inclined to trust his friends: who he thought were his friends. When confronted with the false evidence of the affair, Othello leapt to a conclusion without offering Desdemonda a chance to defend herself and without being willing to listen to her. His actions also suggest some sexism on his part: being more able to trust males than females based on the ingrained notion that females are morally corruptible. If I were in Othello’s place I would of course not commit murder. 2nd Essay Sample on Othello Othello is a play made by the great Shakespeare. It is about a tragic hero Othello and the lies and deceits surrounding him. Othello is a noble, honest character and still has the rugged qualities of a great soldier. He is truly one of the greatest characters in all literature. He has such outstanding characteristics, which makes this tragic end so painful. But it a tragic play and in the end Othello loses some of his outstanding qualities. In the beginning of the play Othello has it all. He is about to become the General and has the love of the fair Desdemona and they are getting married. Othello is manipulated by Iago just like everyone else in the play and is brought down to Iagos level. The downfall of Othello starts with the words of Desdemonas father Brabantio. Look to her, Moor, if thou hast eyes to see: She has deceived her father, and may thee. this puts in the back of Othellos mind the thought of Desdemona cheating on him. Iago will use that later on to help convince Othello that what he is saying is true. Othello acts as if he never heard it but he heard it all right. It will haunt him near the end of the play. The next step in Iagos plan and Othellos downfall is the scene where Cassio gets in a fight with Montano.Iago sets up Cassio, so that Othello will see Cassio drunk and might take away the title of lieutenant from Cassio. This begins the actual plan of Iago. From this point on Iago is thefirst person Othello will turn to for advice since Othellos once best friends and most trusted officer is found drunk and disrespectful.Othellos biggest weakness is his trust in everyone. Othello can not see the evil in people, which is the opposite of Iago.Iago will start to abuse this weakness and manipulate Othello to his liking. This is where we see another side of Othello.

Lipase Essays - Enzymes, Hydrolases, Lipase, Phenolphthalein

Lipase Essays - Enzymes, Hydrolases, Lipase, Phenolphthalein Background information: Enzymes are biological molecules (proteins) that act as catalysts and help complex reactions occur. The enzyme grabs on to the substrate at a special area called the active site. The combination is called the enzyme/substrate complex. Enzymes are very specific and don't just grab on to any molecule. The active site is a specially shaped area of the enzyme that fits around the substrate. The activity of enzymes is affected by three factors; temperature, concentration, and pH. Changes in any of these factors affect the activity of an enzyme. Lipase is an enzyme the body uses to break down fats in food so they can be absorbed in the intestines. Lipase is produced in the pancreas, mouth, and stomach. Most people produce enough pancreatic lipase, but people with cystic fibrosis, Crohn disease, and celiac disease may not have enough lipase to get the nutrition they need from food. Uses of lipase: Most people do not need additional lipase. However, people with the following conditions may find lipase supplements helpful. Celiac disease, Indigestion, Cystic fibrosis Lipase supplements are usually derived from animal enzymes, although plant sources have become increasingly popular. Lipase may be taken in combination with protease and amylase enzymes. These pancreatic enzymes are available in tablet and capsule form. Research question: How different concentrations levels (1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5 %,) of the enzyme lipase affect the enzymatic activity that will be allowed to act on the same amount of milk( Triglycerides are the major type of lipid in milk fat. Triglycerides are composed of three fatty acids covalently bound to a glycerol molecule by ester bonds) and the time taken for the phenolphthalein to turn from pink to white compared? Hypothesis: With higher lipase concentrations, there will be more active sites in the solution to be fit in by the substrates, which means more collisions between the active sites and the Substrates and quicker breakdown of lipids in the milk within shorter period of time. At Enzyme concentration of 1% or 2%, reactions can happen at a relatively slower pace, with lipids broken down and phenolphthalein turning from pink to white over a relatively longer time period. At 3%, enzyme activity will speed up with lipids broken down and phenolphthalein turning from pink to white over a relatively shorter time period. At 4% or 5%, enzyme activity will happen significantly faster. Important note: During the experiment, sodium carbonate solution and pH indicator, phenolphthalein will be added ahead of lipase enzyme; when the pH is below 8.2, phenolphthalein will turn from pink to colorless. Sodium carbonate solution is added in order to turn the solution alkaline and the indicator pink then back to colorless after lipase is added to catalyst the chemical reaction and speed up the breakdown of lipids into fatty acid in the milk. Fatty acid produced then is going to neutralize the solution with sodium carbonate solution added previously; phenolphthalein will finally turn from pink back to colorless. Variables: Independent Variables:Enzyme concentration- effectiveness of enzyme concentration will be tested at 1%, 2%,3%, 4%, and 5%. Enzyme lipase at the concentrations of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4% will be made by mixing lipase at 5% and distilled water; all these solutions will be contained in different beakers to keep them pure. In order to make 1% lipase, for each 1ml lipase, 4ml distilled water will be added and poured into a beaker; to make 2% lipase, for each 1ml lipase, 3ml distilled water will be added; to make 3% lipase, for each 1ml lipase, 2ml distilled water will be added; in order to make 4% lipase, for each 1ml lipase, 1ml distilled water will be added. Dependent variable: The time for the phenolphthalein to turn from pink to colorless will be taken using the stopwatch. Controlled Variables: Volume of milk used, pH of substrate, Volume of lipase solution, Temperature Controlled Variables: Controlled Variables: why they are controlled 1- Volume of the milkVolume of the milk used for every test will be kept constantly at 5ml; substrate concentration will be kept the same since full-cream milk will be used. Different volumes of milk will allow different amount of substrates to be contained in the milk. Therefore, more substrates contained in the milk will take it more time for the

Leadership and Symbolism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership and Symbolism - Assignment Example As it is common to most leaders, leadership involves persuading people to follow a common goal which is of importance to an organization, or a group. For this reason, leadership is mainly seen as a persuasion. For persuasion to take effect by a leader to the followers, there must be communication. Communication is, on the other hand, the transfer of symbols by the leadership so that the followers can perceive it well and bring understanding that is capable of enforcing leadership commands (Vickery, 2012). Symbolic framework provides space for inspirational leadership that is capable of turning around an organization, especially in terms of creating a culture of highly motivated employees after the employees have been demotivated through layoffs, terminations and going through issues of lack of trust. Starcorp as a company has undergone employee layoffs, terminations as well as issues of lack of trust on their leaders brought about by their previous leaders. At the same time, as Starc orp is now faced with the new NASA project that they need to take up, there is great need of making the employees work in harmony and in motivation as that is the only way to produce good results from their new project. It is easy for employees to lose trust on their leaders when they see them laying off other workers and terminating their contracts. When such have happened, there is need for leadership that can give assurance to the employees about their job security as well as better pay in order to make them motivated once again.

Examining Your Communitys Source of Energy Essay - 1

Examining Your Communitys Source of Energy - Essay Example Finally, this paper estimates the energy requirement for San Diego households and therefore recommends solar energy as the best feasible renewable energy to the community mainly due to low installation and operation costs and less impact on the environment. Energy is vital lifeblood of the San Diego community since it enhances business operations, used in operating machinery, moves goods and people, makes homes comfortable and powers the infrastructures that underpin the communities. In this regard therefore, the current energy supplies as well as future demand for energy are key issues in the binational region’s future. It is also important to note that the energy choices that are made today will significantly impact on tomorrow’s environment, economy and quality of life of the residents. Policy makers must therefore ensure that energy production, transmission and distribution do not impact on the environment and quality of life of the community living in San Diego. This paper focuses on the major sources of energy that powers San Diego’s community, how they impact on the environment and the alternative sources of energy that may be viable for the community. The major energy sources for the communities within San Diego ca are natural gas contributing to about 50%, coal contributing to 18% and nuclear contribution to approximately 15% of the overall energy supply (United States Power Report, 2014). The rest are large hydro electricity 10% while renewable sources of energy amount to 8% in total (United States Power Report, 2014). The major sectors that lead in energy consumption in San Diego include transportation accounting to over sixty percent followed by household, commercial and industrial sectors. As stated by United States Power Report (2014), this is a reflection of San Diego’s economy where since most residents within the community work in private automobiles with up to two occupants thus are commuters from home to work. Generally,

Black studies 1019--opinion paper--choosing two topics and describing Essay - 1

Black studies 1019--opinion paper--choosing two topics and describing their ideas and how they affected african americans in the - Essay Example The Sharing of Culture The exposure of one African ethnic group to the other had resulted to the sharing of cultures and traditions. As claimed by Michael Angelo Gomez, during the slavery period in America, the Africans coming from different cultural backgrounds had assembled themselves to form a single society of African Americans (88). It is contended that their cultural formation was not triggered by any form of racial discrimination but by the realization that they are different from the other people within the American society. What made them different is not just the color of their skin but their social status. So as to have a unified foundation for the expression of their common interest, the different ethnic groups decided to fuse their various traditions. It is in this sense that the Africans appreciated the advantages of creating a community. Nonetheless, it is worthy to emphasize that the fusion of the different beliefs and practices had not been easy for the different eth nic groups. Actually, the traditional people in Africa did not view the members of the other ethnic groups as belonging to their own (Freeman 25). They even had the propensity of seeing their ethnic group as more influential than the others. This suggests that during the process of cultural integration, the various African ethnic groups were struggling to make their beliefs and practices part of the new identity. Nevertheless, due to their slavery experience, these ethnic groups could have considered to be submissive to whatever way that could serve the best interest of all the Africans in America. The African American Music The formation of African-American music is one of the products of the cultural integration that the different ethnic groups had experienced and embraced during the slave era in America. After the abolition of slave trade in America, there had been many African-American singers and songwriters who became part of the American entertainment and music industry. As m embers of the African-American community, the African-American music artists are expected to express their cultural identity in their musical compositions and even in their everyday dealing. Their way of expressing the cultural identity of African-Americans has caught the public’s attention. The African-American music artists living in America have been subjected to a very controversial question, that is, whether they view themselves primarily as individuals of African descent who happened to be in the American soil or primarily as Americans who happened to be of African descent. A Discussion of the Distinction It is claimed that the new generation of African-Americans could consider themselves belonging to the second option. In a way, since they have been part of modern America, they have the tendency to behave in the American way. This connotes that for them, their American identity weighs more than their African ancestry. Their ancestral root has become a second or subsidi ary identity. Nonetheless, they still recognize the fact that they have a unique cultural origin. It is in this sense that they have the tendency to reshape and improvise a musical composition or simply â€Å"to blackenize† it, giving it an African-American touch (Maynard-Reid 71). Examples of African-American singers born during the post-slavery era are Michael Jackson and

Exhaust System For The LJMU

Exhaust System For The LJMU The FS event is held every year at Silverstone in the UK. The event was set up by the Institute of Mechanical Engineers (IMechE). Universities from around the world come to Silverstone to enter their cars in the event. Each team that enters FS is solely made up of students. There are a number of different classes which the car can be entered. These are Class 1, Class 1A and Class 2. LJMU is entering in to Class 1. Class 1 consists of a number of different events which can be broken down in to two categories, Static Events and Dynamic Events. The Static Events include, a presentation, Engineering Design and Cost Analysis. The Dynamic Events include an acceleration test, a skip-pad test, an autocross race and an Endurance race which includes a fuel economy test. The final exhaust design will be used in the 2011 LJMU FS car. For the exhaust to be used it must fully comply with the FS rules and regulations. The LJMU FS car is a group project and so it will be vital to the success of the exhaust system and the final car that communication is maintained. Formula Student 2010 LJMU competed in its first FS Class 1 event in 2010 and finished in 21st place. This was a great achievement for the university. Feedback was given to the university after the event from the FS judges. The feedback received was useful and has given areas of improvements for the car. One of the pieces of feedback was criticising the fact that the exhaust system didnt have a Lambda sensor to measure the levels of oxygen the in exhaust gas. This will be one area of improvement for FS 2011. Time Management To complete this project within the strict time limits a Gantt chart has been created. This can be seen in APPENDIX REFERENCE. Within the time 4 stages will be completed. There are analysis, design, verification and manufacture. FS Rules and Regulations To successfully create an exhaust system a number of rules need to be met. The rules and regulations were written by the Formula Society of Automotive Engineers (FSAE). These rules are in place to maintain a level playing field throughout the teams and to also ensure that safety standards are kept. The FS rules can be interpreted in different ways and so create different and interesting designs. To summarise a few rules, the exhaust has to exist within an area of 450 mm behind the centreline of the rear axle and 600 mm above the ground, the driver must be protected against heat and fumes and the sound must not exceed 100dBA. The engine size is also limited by FS rules. The rules state that an engine no bigger than 610cc can be used for the competition. The used for the engine must also pass through a 20mm restrictor. The full list of rules and break down which are relevant to this project can be found in ARTICLE 10: Exhaust System and Noise Control seen in APPENDIX REFERENCE. Design Restrictions As the exhaust will get very hot during running it is important that the exhaust pipes dont come in to contact or come too close to other engine peripherals such as electrical cables and fuel line. The driver will also be protected by a firewall in case of a fire or excess heat from the engine. As the fuels system, intake system and other peripherals have yet to be decided assumptions must be made in the routing of the exhaust system. The decision has been made to mount the engine front facing. This will mean that the exhaust ports are facing towards the front of the car and the intake ports are facing the back of the car. This decision has been made to simplify the design of the drive train to minimalize power lost and reduce the risk of failure. The design is also impacted by 20mm restrictor on the air intake which will also affect the exhaust system. Ricardo WAVE Ricardo WAVE Build will be used to fully model the exhaust system. Ricardo WAVE is an ISO 1D/3D engine and gas dynamics simulation package. WAVE is used in a number of different industry sectors all involved in simulating engine performance. It used from creating an initial design to the modifying an existing design without having to manufacture any components. WAVE only produces theoretical engine performance data and will need to be verified with experimental data. Ricardo WAVE is a sponsor in the FS event and so all FS teams have access to the software. Learning Ricardo WAVE Within the WAVE help file there is a list of tutorials which cover setting up and running an engine model. The tutorials range from beginner to advanced. The beginner spark ignition (SI) tutorial takes the user through the initial setup of an in-line, 4-cylinder 1.6L engine. Two WAVE tutorials have been completed these are the Introductory SI Tutorial and the Intermediate Concentric Silencer Tutorial. Going through the tutorials helped to give an idea of the different parameters that would need to be collected from the Honda CBR600RR engine. The tutorials also guide the user through the analysis of the model and how a change in the design affects output. Engine Selection The engine selection is partly governed by the FS rules and regulations as stated earlier. Due to the restrictions a decision was made to go for a reliable, powerful engine which is light weight. This lead to the Honda CBR600RR-4. The Honda is a 600cc performance motorcycle engine and so its power to weight ratio is high, which makes it perfect for the FS car. LJMU have used this engine for the past 2 years. The specification of the Honda CBR600-3 will be referenced to as the engine specification has not changed between 2003 and 2004. The CBR600RR engine is an 16-valve, in-line four cylinders, four stroke, with double overhead camshafts (DOHC) (Coombs, 2006). The Engine uses Programmed Duel Storage (PGM-DS) fuel injectors, two per cylinder, one upper and one lower. The lower injectors are used to enhance reliability, above 5500rpm the upper injectors are triggered and are used to improve top end horsepower (Torrance, 2003). A full specification of the standard CBR600RR can be found in APPENDIX REFERENCE. There are a number of different modifications that will take place on the engine by the FS event in 2011 and so the specification is subject to change. Changes that are being considered are an optimal air induction system with the 20mm restrictor, design and manufacture of a shallower sump, reduction in number of gears and modification of ratios and developing an optimised engine map. All of these changes are aimed at increasing performance of the engine for the required characteristics of the competition. Literature Review To generate the best performance from an exhaust system knowledge of a 4 stroke SI Internal combustion (IC) engine is needed. Four-stroke spark ignition (SI) engines The four-stroke SI engine has four different strokes as seen in Figure 1, Four-stroke IC Engine (Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2007) The four strokes are Intake, Compression, Power and Exhaust. For each turn of the crankshaft two strokes occur. The Intake stroke, also known as the Induction stroke, starts from Top Dead Centre (TDC). In this stroke the piston moves down, the intake value opens causing the air and fuel mixture to be drawn in to the combustion chamber. The volume of the air/fuel mixture drawn in to the chamber is known as the volumetric efficiency. If there is too much air in the mixture then the fuel will burn quickly increasing the pressure in the chamber too quickly leading to mechanical losses and misfiring. This is known as a lean fuel mixture and can lead damage the engine. If there is too much fuel in the mixture then all of the fuel will not be burnt leading to inefficiencies as unburnt fuel will be expelled through the exhaust valve. This will also lower the temperature and pressure in the chamber. This is known as a rich fuel mixture. The Compression stroke follows the induction stroke. The compression stroke starts from Bottom Dead Centre (BDC). The intake valve shuts and the piston starts to move back up the chamber. Just before the piston hits TDC the spark plug fires causing ignition. The Power stroke is where the piston moves down the chamber due to the increase in pressure and temperature from combustion. When the piston hit BDC the exhaust valve opens. The Exhaust stroke forces the gasses out of the combustion chamber through the exhaust valve after the Power stroke. At the end of the exhaust stroke the exhaust valve closes and the cycle starts again. Any exhaust gasses left in the chamber will contaminate the next intake of fuel and will reduce the power output. As only one stroke generates any power (Power stroke), energy has to be stored in a flywheel to move the piston for the remaining three strokes. (Stone, 1999) Engine Thermodynamics An IC engine whether it is a 4 stroke or a 2 stroke is a non-cyclic process. However as the nitrogen in the fluid is virtually unchanged it can be argued that the process is cyclic. This makes calculating the thermodynamic efficiencies much easier as it can be compared to the Otto cycle. Performance To calculate the performance and effectiveness of the exhaust system a number of different parameters will need to be defined. Exhaust Design There are two main designs for exhaust systems, exhaust manifold and exhaust header. Both designs have different pros and cons depending on the different requirements. A standard exhaust manifold can be seen in Figure 2, Standard Exhaust Manifold (Monster Autoparts) This Exhaust is made from cast iron, and so it is perfect for production vehicles as casting is inexpensive if the cast is only used on a large scale. However for a one off production exhaust system it would be expensive. Exhaust headers Figure 3 on the other hand are comparatively inexpensive to produce a one off design as no mould needs to be created and the pipes can be simply bent and cut in to shape. Manifolds are also inefficient compared to exhaust headers. This is due to the air flow in a manifold. When the exhaust gas enters the manifold back pressure is built up. This back pressure restricts the flow for the next wave of exhaust gas. This means that the piston has to work harder to force the exhaust gas out of the cylinder leading to power loss. This back pressure can be reduced or eliminated using exhaust headers by taking advantage of the timing. This is known as exhaust pulsation. To fully understand pulsation it is important to explain the exhaust system shown in Figure 3. This design is a 4-2-1 exhaust. Different exhaust designs can be found in APPENDIX REFERENCE. As can be seen each exhaust port has its own header. Header pipes 1 and 2 join and header pipes 3 and 4 join. These joints are known as collectors which then form the secondary headers. The 2 secondary headers then move in to the final collector and form the downpipe. The firing order of the Honda CBR600 engine is 1-2-4-3 (Coombs, 2006). Improving Engine Performance To improve the performance of the engine pulsation can be used. Pulsation is where Exhaust Pulsation Exhaust Gas Turbochargers There are two different types of exhaust gas turbocharging. These are Pulse Turbocharging and Constant Pressure Turbocharging. Exhaust Gas Recirculation Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) is where a small portion of the exhaust gas (5-10%) is fed through a valve back in to the inlet manifold ready for the intake stroke. This helps to decrease emissions of NOx (nitric oxcide and nitrogen dioxide) as the amount of fresh fuel drawn in to the cylinder in replaced with exhaust gas. Between 5 and 10% of EGR is likely to halve the NOx emissions (Stone, 1999). EGR increases intake manifold pressure. The higher intake manifold pressure leads to a reduction in the charge cycle work and this lowers the fuel consumption. During EGR the peak combustion temperature is reduced due to the exhaust gas not being used during combustion which will cause less energy to be produced. (Bosch, 2007) EGR can cause misfire and partial burns to occur as the amount of fuel in the cylinder is reduced, causing a lean mixture. Data Collection Engine Geometry To create an accurate model in WAVE geometry from the CRB engine has to be collected. This was done in a number of different ways. A list of geometry needed for WAVE can be found here APPENDIX REFERENCE. A new head from a CRB engine was purchased and was used to collect the relevant information. A new head was purchased as the tests that were carried out on the head would require taking sections, which would destroy the head beyond repair. DIGITISING ARM VOLUME OF INTAKES AND EXHAUST PORTS Rolling Road Testing Exhaust Geometry