MBA Future

I have a strong interest in pursuing a master of business administration (MBA) degree, as I believe it will be beneficial in helping me achieve my short term and long-term goals. It will make me competent enough to fit in the wider job market. This will come with increased income earning which is a key to good life. Good life or better living is everyone’s dream while advancing in one’s career and being no exceptional I want to pursue it for that cause. I have a wealth of experience from my educational background. I have also gained work experience from different positions over the years the degree will improve my efficiency when combined with the qualities I already have. I intend to take a major in marketing that I have been specializing in and a minor in entrepreneurship. I took a B.A Business Administration with a concentration in marketing. I graduated with a 3.5 in major and outstanding performance rendered me honors. Currently I am working within media advertising that comprises of television and radio. Pursuing this degree will equip me with the necessary expertise to be in the capacity of handling of handling issues appropriately especially at senior positions. Since my long term goal is to be president of a company. (http://www.unhmba.org) My other interest is researching brand management and the degree program will enrich me in skills needed in this area. I will be better placed with the ground information and the theoretical skills from the class. I have demonstrable ability to perform excellently in business classes and given the opportunity I would be outstanding in business school. My main interest is in the entertainment industry of which I have a solid background on. In 2001 I worked for a small marketing and event-planning firm that has now advanced. My 3 years experience when working with Sony-BMG as an assistance field marketing representative gave me exposure to the world of marketing and is a plus to my skills. I am proud to be part of the team that saw eWork Inc company grow from a small marketing and research to what the company is now. I was very influential especially on the Southeast region. I handle more than 30 people in my current position the skills I would get will improve my leadership skills. Working in my current position entails conducting movie surveys as well as holding premiers for upcoming movies. I am part owner of a t-shirt company that deals with presidential candidate. This entails strategic. Marketing plans to succeed and hence calls for skills or tact. To gain maximum exposure we plan to participate in the famous Oprah Winfrey show. My long-term goal of being a president of a T.V production company and being responsible for the marketing and company sponsorships will be well realized after attaining skills in the MBA program. (http://www.unhmba.org) I have constantly been involved in volunteering activities like in a mentor program that helps risk teens, AID Atlanta, hands on Atlanta and MS walk where I was among the top. Taking classes in the spring will enable me to be well prepared in joining the business school. My main reasons for choosing University of D and Wayne state is that its location will reduce the distance barriers from my fiancà © who has just moved to Detroit. They offer attractive placement rates and the small classes will offer a favorable or conducive environment for learning. It is also in a place where jobs will be easily accessible. Reference: United Network of help with Masters of Business Administration programs.2007. Retrieved on 31st October 2007 from http://www.unhmba.org   

Marketing Research on Parle Agro

A RESEARCH REPORT ON â€Å"SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT OF LG ELECTRONICS† A report submitted to UP Technical University for the partial fulfillment the degree of Master of Business Administration Submitted to: Submitted by: Mrs. Shweta Singh SUNNY KHAIRA Director of C-MAT MBA 4th semester Roll no. 0714970051 CENTER FOR MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGY Pot No. 25,27,28,Phase 1, Knowledge Park-1 Greater Noida(U. P. )  ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ ¬CERTIFICATE This is to certify that this project entitled to â€Å"SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT OF LG ELECTRONICS† submitted by SUNNY KHAIRA, for the fulfillment of the degree of M. B. A. assigned project report is a independent work done by his under my guidance and supervision.. Signature Mr. Kirti Sinha HOD (M. B. A. ) C-MAT DECLARATION I, SUNNY KHAIRA ,do declare that the Research Project Report entitled â€Å"SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT OF LG ELECTRONICS† being submitted to the U. P. Technical University for the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Business Administration is my own endeavors and it has not been submitted earlier to any institute for any degree Place: Greater Noida SUNNY KHAIRA Date: MBA,C-MAT P R E F A C E Management education talks of synchronizing the theoretical studies with practical application in the most effective way. The training figure prominently in the course curriculum as it imparts practical knowledge to the student aspiring to accomplish professional insight. It actually gives a feel about what is happening in life and industry around. It grooms an individual to find himself fit in the corporate world. Students eventually come out with much confidence, knowledge and matured attitude and outlook. In today’s competitive world, Marketing Research forms a key player. To me, it is an orderly and insightful process of thinking about and planning for the market. This process is applicable to more than just goods and services. I think that anything can be researched – ideas, events, organization, place, personalities etc. nd that motivated me to choose this as a specialized subject. This particular process starts with entering deep inside the relevant market place to understand its dynamics and to identify opportunities to meet the felt or infelt needs. SUNNY KHAIRA M. B. A. 4TH SEMESTER ACKNOWLEDGMENT Any work of this magnitude requires input, effort and encouragement of people from all sides. I am quite fortunate to have had acti ve co-operation of many people at different stages of the project. Without their invaluable cooperation, I would have not been able to do justice to this report. Although it would be difficult to thank all those who contributed towards successful completion of report yet, it would be unfair on my part if I don’t thank a selected few. First of all I am thankful to God, for all the blessings he has bestowed upon me, without which it would have been impossible to complete this project. The Faculty members at C-MAT continue to have an impact on my thinking, which helped me to complete this project. I would like to extend my thanks to all my friends for their co -operation airing data collection. Respondents equally deserve thanks as their sincere co-operation led to worthy results. Lastly, I would like to thank my parents for being the guiding force through all the phases of my life. Doing my project on this topic was a wonderful opportunity for me, for it instilled in me a great deal of confidence and ability to work hard and thereby face challenges. SUNNY KHAIRA M. B. A. 4TH SEMESTER TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION †¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ CHAPTER TWO OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ CHAPTER THREE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ CHAPTER FOUR HYPOTHESIS†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. CHAPTER FIVE LIMITATION OF THE STUDY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ CHAPTER SIX†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¢Study of brand. †¢Information enabled supply chain management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¢Supply chain management in LG Electronics†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¢Brand image, brand value. Brand equity concept. †¢Online brand audit. †¢Brand audit with reference to a specific product. †¢Supply chain management with other departments†¦. Customer focus supply chain management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ CHAPTER SEVEN RESEARCH METHODOLOGY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ CHAPTER EIGHT DATA ANALYSIS AND DICUSSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ CHAPTER NINE GENERAL OBSERVATION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦.. CHAPTER TEN CONCLUSION†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. CHAPTER ELEVEN RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER STUDY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. BIBLIOGRAPHY†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. ANNEXURE†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Welcome to the exciting world of supply chain management. It is a buzzword probably used for the first time by the consultants in the 1980’s and later analysed by the business community. In simple terms supply chain management link all the supply interacting organization in an integrated two way communication system to manage high quality inventory in the most effective and efficient manner. As such supply chain management is a network of facilities and distribution options that perform the function of procurement of material transformation of these materials into intermediate and finished good and finally the distribution of these goods to the end user. The supply chain exists both in the service and manufacturing sector, although the complexity of chain may vary greatly from industry to industry and from firm to firm. As such it include internal and external function along with suppliers, involved in the identification and fulfillment of needs for material , equipment , services in an optimized fashion. It basically comprise of four principle phase: (1). Generation of requirement, (2). Sourcing, (3). Pricing, (4). Post – award activities LG supports successful execution of supply chain management through the exchange of technology and strategic alliance by incorporating strategic collaboration with professional consulting companies and core technology vendors. LG has the capability to be a collaborative partner for the entire supply chain management. On the whole LG proposes solution that best suits the need of the customer with the past experience in executing projects in various industries. LG help to generate practical business value of supply chain management, a strategic management activity to dramatically reduce the cost and maximize the sales revenue by integrating internal a well external value chain for providing products and services to customer, and as such it focus its attention on strategic activities. CHAPTER TWO OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY In this project report of mine I would be focusing my attention on some of the important objective that would also be the part of my study. The following are the objectives: ?To understand the concept of brand. ?To understand the concept of brand image, brand value, brand equity. ?To study the emerging concept of online brand audit. ?To study the brand audit with reference to a specific product. ?To study inventory Turnover Ratio; ?To study channel of distribution of LG Electronics; ?To study application of Information Technology in Supply Chain Management; To find out satisfaction level of supply chain management planning; ? To find out the coordination among different departments through supply chain management; ?To know the factors effecting the decision regarding supply chain management. CHAPTER THREE STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM ?To know the application of supply chain management in LG Electronics; ?To find out the purchasing procedure of LG electronics; ?To f ind out the inventory turnover ratio; ?To find out the channels of distribution or the complexity involved in the supply chain management; ?To know the present trend of information technology in the supply chain management. CHAPTER FOUR HYPOTHESIS A hypothesis may be defined as a proposition or a setoff propositions set forth as an explanation for the occurrence of some specified group of phenomena either asserted merely as a provisional conjecture to guide some investigation or accepted as highly probable in the light of established facts. Quite often a research hypothesis is a predictive statement, capable of being tested by scientific methods, that relates an independent variable to some dependent variable. A hypothesis is a statement capable of being objectively verified and tested with the help of statistical tools. The hypothesis which I have set is â€Å"To study the trend of Supply Chain Management in the light of Information Technology of LG Electronics†. Further this not the end of the study and as such some more hypothesis will be developed during the research work. CHAPTER FIVE LIMITATION OF THE STUDY A study is usually done with the intention to explore something new or to add a few new things to the already exiting study or research. As such when the study is done various difficulties are to be faced in collecting information and other things which ultimately leads to its own advantages and drawbacks. My research work was a great exposure to me because I have to undergo stress and at the same time experience the actual hardship that it needs to collect information. Some of the hardship which I faced is as follows: ?Owing to the limitation of time factor research was not been done extensively as required; ?Respondents at times were hesitant in giving information as they feel it is leakage of companies information; ?The sample size was taken small, because of time and cost factor involved in it; ?Most of the information collected is from the secondary data; ? The primary data is collected only through the middle management without the contribution of the lower management due to their hectic schedule. ?The respondents may be biased on influenced by some other factors. ?Time and money were the greatest limitation in carrying out the survey. Study Of Brand INTRODUCTION 1. Established in 1997, LG Electronics India Pvt. Ltd. (LGEIL), is a wholly owned subsidiary of LG Electronics, South Korea. It is South Korea’s second largest electronics maker and the world’s third largest appliance maker. With headquarters in the LG Twin Towers on Yeouido, Seoul, LG Electronics is the flagship company of LG Group, one of the largest chaebols. The company has 75 subsidiaries worldwide that design and manufacture televisions, home appliances, and telecommunications devices. LG Electronics owns Zenith Electronics and controls LG Displays, a joint venture with Philips Electronics. In India for a decade now, LG is the market leader in consumer durables and recognised as a leading technology innovator in the information technology and mobile communications business . LG is the acknowledged trendsetter for he consumer durable industry in India with the fastest ever nationwide reach, latest global technology and product innovation. LG Electronics was originally established in 1958 as GoldStar, producing radios, TVs, refrigerators,washing machines, and air conditioners. The LG Group was a merger of two Korean companies, Lucky and GoldStar, from which the abbreviation of LG was derived. The cur rent â€Å"Life’s Good† slogan is a backronym. Before the corporate name change to LG, household products were sold under the brand name of Lucky, while electronic products were sold under the brand name of GoldStar. The GoldStar brand is still perceived as a discount brand. One of the most formidable brands, LGEIL has an impressive portfolio of Consumer Electronics, Home Appliances, GSM mobile phones and IT products. LG Electronics India Pvt. Ltd. , a wholly owned subsidiary of LG Electronics, South Korea was established in January, 1997 after clearance from the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB). The trend of beating industry norms started with the fastest ever-nationwide launch by LG in a period of 4 and 1/2 months with the commencement of operations in May 1997. LG set up a state-of-the art manufacturing facility at Greater Noida, near Delhi, in 1998, with an investment of Rs 500 Crores. This facility manufactured Colour Televisions, Washing Machines, Air-Conditioners and Microwave Ovens. In the year 2000, LG Information & Communications merged the world’s first Internet-enabled refrigerator resulting in Global sales of refrigerators reaching the number one position. During the year 2001, LG also commenced the home production for its eco-friendly Refrigerators and established its assembly line for its PC Monitors at its Greater Noida manufacturing unit. The beginning of 2003 saw the roll out of the first locally manufactured Direct Cool Refrigerator from the plant at Greater Noida. In 2004, LGEIL also up its second Greenfield manufacturing unit in Pune, Maharashtra that commences operations in October 2004. Covering over 50 acres, the facility manufactures LCD TV, GSM Phones, Color Televisions, Air Conditioners, Refrigerators, Microwave Ovens Color Monitors. Information Enabled Supply Chain Management in LG Electronics INFORMATION ENABLED SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN LG ELECTRONICS 2. INTRODUCTION The focus of management has changed over the time. The business thinking of 70’s and 80’s related to strategic planning and portfolio approach has dramatically changed. Flexibility and responsiveness has become key business drivers for the 21st century, forcing business to orient themselves along process instead of functions. Managing complex situation effectively on a real time basis for business information has become critica l. Information technology has helped in making the supply chain faster, flexible and responsive. As such LG needs to invest in information technology to make its supply chain more result oriented and challenging. Various flows in supply chain such as material, information and money can be effectively managed through information technology. It is this aspect of management that the use of information technology has assumed greater significance. Further in LG supply chain management enabled by advance technology aims at developing a technical infrastructure, linking technology and people in an effort to align advantageous information technology with the capability of organizing and facilitating customer satisfaction. LG also aim at leveraging information tool to address the business concern relating to flexibility, quality, responsiveness and edging towards agility. Typical model of supply chain management 2. 2 ELECTRONIC COMMERCE (E – COMMERCE) The internet era has revolutionized commerce, making e- commerce a reality. The factors that have contributed to the success of e – commerce, are lower purchasing cost, reduction of inventories, effective customer service, marketing and sales etc. know time has come for the paper based business to give away to electronic business when supplier and customer will transact electronically. This would help in reducing cost, price, and increasing savings. LG has tried to make an effective use of e – commerce. With the help of it, it is able to display variety of its product produced on the internet for the convience of the customer. This would be advantageous in two ways – ?Firstly the customer would be able to know about the product; ? Secondly it can transact purchase without actually going to the market place for its purchasing; As such LG has tried to use three important dimension of e – commerce in his day to day activities. These are as follows: ? Reach is about access and connection. It simply means as to how many customer a business can access or how many products it can offer; 2. 3 Application of E – Commerce in supply chain management in LG Electronics Marketing and Sales Procurement/Logistics On line product information Electronic bidding Electronic selling Low cost transportation Product offerings/e-supermarkets Point to point selling Point to point warehousing Customer service Inventory Management Repair/return/replacement High visibility On site fixing Removal of obsolete items Technical support Online status information on inventory 2. 4 ELECTRONIC DATA INTERCHANGE (EDI) EDI is interring organizational exchange of business documentation in a structured machine process able form. It consists of standardized electronic message formats for common business documents such as request for quotation, purchase orders etc. These electronic transactions set the computer in one company /organization to communicate with the computer in the other organization without actually producing paper documents. Use of EDI in LG Electronics’ helps in providing various functions. The basic function is to provide compatibility between different systems that is easy and direct exchange of information. The second function is of store and forward. This means that orders will be sent but it will be received by the supplier as per the agreement which can be weekly or monthly. The third and the final function performed by EDI in LG id that of Application support As such we can say if LG Electronics implement EDI properly and utilized it efficiently it can add speed and efficiency to business process enabling the organization to maximize resources and minimize waste and increase customer satisfaction. 2. 5 Benefits of various Information Technology Elements IT ElementOperationsResults in EDI (Exchange Data Interchange)†¢Inter organizational exchange of business documentation †¢Reduced transaction cost and time †¢Optimized Inventory †¢Improved decision making Increased accuracy †¢Improved customer service Intranet†¢Distribution of information within an organization†¢Common process for multiple functions †¢Two way communication between different parts of the plant Extranet†¢Information transaction among the clients, partners and customer†¢Eliminate user interface proliferation †¢Enhance overall performanc e †¢Real time feedback E – Commerce†¢Create new revenue streams and grow †¢Trim both transactional and overhead costs †¢Improve customer service 2. 6 INTRANET/EXTRANET Competitive pressures are ever increasing in global manufacturing environment. Intranet is a means of distributing information. It allows real time feedback to flow from the manufacturing area to design and engineering groups. An intranet allows internal users to access data from external sources, while restricting access to it from those outside. The benefits that intranet provide to LG Electronics are as follows: ?It facilitates two way communication between the manufacturing floor and the areas of the plant; ? It allows distribution of many categories of information. These can be presented with a common look and feel , eliminating user friendly proliferation; ? It ensures a common process for multiple function and enhance overall performance. 2. 7 CONCLUSION Information technology has played an important role in making the supply chain faster, reliable and responsive. At the same time it is also important to make effective investment in the field of information technology, otherwise it may not bear fruitful results. Thus on the whole it can be said that: ?Strategic decision on the supply chain design can increase customer satisfaction and save money through information technology; ? By sharing information, supply chain partners are able to respond more rapidly to know demands at a lower cost; ? Information technology helps in reducing the operating cost by proper coordination of planning of various stages of supply chain; ? Rapid introduction of a new or modified product is possible through information technology; ? Effective inventory management, product customization, is possible through information technology; ? Detailed analysis of performance level, reporting and handling can facilitate with the help of information technology. Supply Chain Management in LG Electronics SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN LG ELECTRONICS 3. 1 OVERVIEW OF LG ELECTRONICS The Foundation of LG LG was established in 1947 as Korea's first chemical company, and also becoming the nation's first electronics company with its expansion into home appliances in 1958. The new Corporate Identity was launched including the change of the group name from Lucky-Gold star to LG in 1995. Business Fields The wide arrays of activities that LG conducts are coordinated within three highly focused business sectors: Chemicals & Energy, Electronics and Telecommunications & Services. Each sector has undergone systematic changes, with improved financial compositions, restructured business portfolios and realigned equity investment structures. 3. 2 LG – AN INTRODUCTION HISTORY OF LG ELECTRONICS The internationally famed company LG started off as Lucky Goldstar, a small company manufacturing cosmetics. In 1947 businessman Ku-in Hwe in Pusan in South Korea launched the company. LG entered in to the electronic business under the Gold star brand name in 1958. In the same year LG manufactured Korea’s first telephone, refrigerator and black & white television. In the succeeding years it diversified into oil refining, construction, semiconductor and finance. LG adopted the new name and corporate identity in 1995 from the company’s two foremost brands Lucky and Gold star. Various Stages in LG’s Growth Path LG –THE COMPANY LG Electronics India Ltd. is a subsidiary of LG Group, which is a 53-year-old business group of South Korea. LG is a US $80 billion business group with 1, 30,000 employees. It is the third largest Korean Company and it started its operation in India just six years back. LG has established its corporate office at Noida along with the production facilities there. It has a network of 17 branches in major cities spread all over India. LG is a company where they believe that people are the most important resource. It was rated as the 6th best employer to work for in India by Business Today in a survey conducted across a range of corporate all over India. â€Å"At LG we always put people first. † this is the slogan with which the company is running its HR policy. LG believes itself to be global company with presence over 175 countries across the globe with a champion spirit. LG LAYOUT LG Electronics, Greater Noida is located on the outskirts of the city having very little habitation. It has two main buildings- Building A and B. Building A has the corporate office, R&D Center, Washing Machine, A/C Assembly line, ELT room, Ware house, Stores etc. Building B has the CTV, Monitor line, PCB Line. On the first floor, an office with Production, Production Engineering, Materials, Quality Assurance and E-Source Department is situated. LG –PHILOSOPHY The management philosophy is ‘To create value for customers through management based on esteem of human dignity ’. LG’s vision is to bring a smiling face to every home across the globe. The logo of LG is in harmony with their vision. The smiling face logo symbolizes five key concepts – World, Future, Youth, and Human and Technology. LG believes that an effective combination of these elements would make better future a reality for the organization. LG has been exploring ways to develop, combine and apply technologies that would customize products and services to meet customer needs and exceed their expectations. LG aims at creating a healthy and better life for every family. LG – PRODUCT IDENTITY PI (Product Identity) means to embody and to sustain the brand image through product design. CIPD is the process to make products identity & uniqueness gradually for customers’ recognition of brand and its value. LG – CORPORATE IMAGE AND PI As an essential factor in connection between customers and company, product conveys the image of company to its customers. CIPD, Corporate Identity through Product Design, aims at propagation of sustaining LG's identity as well as its establishment through consistent design activities, which will help us to gain the trust from customers. LG – THE STRATEGY AND POLICY LG group has laid its foundation on three core values, which are central to the company in each and every respect of its business and working. The three core values are Innovation, Openness and Partnership. Innovation: Creating new and unique values. Openness: Responding to changing environment with an open mind and flexible behavior. Partnership: Establishing cooperative relationships to ensure the best performance as we enter fully. LG believes its core competencies to be Design, Technology, Marketing and Networking. Marketing: The ability to clearly understand and analyze customer needs and then link them to business, continuously controlling the brand image Technology: The ability to develop unique product concepts with new proprietary technology ahead of others and then commercialize them. Design: The ability to plan projects and business effectively to maximize results. Networking: The ability to create win-win relationship opportunities based on one's strengths in specific sectors and make them into assets. It is the integration of its value with its competencies that LG has been able to achieve the success at such a fast rate. The company claims itself to be the most e-mail friendly company and service with a smile is the motto of the company. 3. 3 VISION OF LG ELECTRONICS 3. 4 STRATEGIC SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN LG ELECTRONICS The term strategy has been derived from the word ‘strategos’ which means â€Å"generalship†. In olden days it was more used in wars but with passage of time it know been implemented in all spheres whether it is management, planning etc. Without a well thought strategy an organization can not think of making big because of the growing competition and improved and better ways of production. As such the strategy used by LG is Shorter product life cycle, improved quality, faster delivery lower price, which have define its success. It is based on the formula: Competitiveness = competitive assets x competitive process Beside this some of the important imperatives for the supply chain strategy are as follows: ? Emergence of global sourcing as a viable strategy; ?Global network of manufacturing and marketing; ?Global business process revolution and global process transfer; ? Shifting patterns of competitive advantage; ?Emergence of integrated enterprise of management system architecture; ? General trend towards integrated solutions. . 5 MAJOR TRENDS IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT CO- MAKERSHIP It is defined as the development of a long term relationship with limited number of suppliers on the basis of mutual confidence. The main benefits of co makership is shorter delivery lead times, reliable delivery promises, faster implementation of deign changes etc. The basic philosophy und erline co makership is that the suppliers are treated as an extension of the customer’s factory with emphasis on continuity and end to end pipeline. USE OF THIRD PARTY LOGISTICS A decision to use third party logistic should be based on the organization needs, service provider capabilities etc. Outsourcing operations like storage, transportation, improve service levels, enhance flexibility and reduce cost. It also helps in reducing investment in assets and enables organization to access to newer technology. PRINCIPLE OF PROCUREMENT Activities that are done up to the last moment like packaging, labeling, etc is known as principle of procurement. The main aim of this principle is to minimize the risk of carrying finished product inventory at various points in the supply chain by delaying product differentiations to the latest possible moment before customer purchase. However it should be noted that postponement should not lead to compromise on the desired service level. 3. 6 APPLICATION IN LG ELECTRONICS Supply chain management has in recent years has played an important role in all the industries concerned. It has not only paved way for the induction of information technology but has also helped the manufactures in easy procurement of material and transferring the same to the ultimate consumer. Without going further in detail we try to see the application of supply chain in the following areas: RETAILERS Retailers are the second last chain in the distribution of the product to the ultimate consumer. Since they are at constant touch with the customer they are in a better position to understand their needs and wants. As such they send request to the distributors and to the manufactures for goods which are in demand. The manufactures through a well defined supply chain are able to send goods to the retailers. In the absence of this chain the manufactures can lose the customer. Thus supply chain at as an important tool in maintaining customer satisfaction and loyalty. SUPPLIERS In today’s scenario companies are not required to stock commodities in bulk owing to fluctuation in the market related to product preference. As such manufactures do not store raw material but place orders as and when the need arise. Here the role of supply chain comes into picture as it helps the supplier in providing material to the manufacture at an appropriate time. MARKET SEGMENTATION Supply chain helps in the segmentation of customers based on the service needs of distinct groups and adaptation to serve these segments profitability. This kind of segmentation can result in better prediction of the demand from the individual customers. Further segmentation also leads to know the demand of the products among the customer and also to know the future customer preference. 3. 7 CONCLUSION It has been seen from the past that when ever something innovative is been introduced in the business arena it has created a platform for something to happen. The introduction of supply chain has immensely benefited the manufactures as know they have a well defined line of procurement of material and transferring the finished product to the ultimate customer. Further it creates an essence which focuses on the creation of value. It is a network of business process used to deliver products and service. Supply chain also sees the organizational relationship in order to get the information necessary to run the business and to generate profits. This concept not only includes relationship with the internal business function but also those with all trading partners outside the firm. Brand image Brand value Brand equity 4. 1 Brand image The importance of brand differentiation based on quality, design and technological innovation was a key topic at the sixth LG Electronics PR Forum held in Beirut. Titled ‘Shaping the Future of Excellence', the two-day meet discussed strategy and best practice and explored the importance of PR to brand building. More than 45 delegates from LG's regional headquarters, Seoul head office, and Middle East and Africa PR agencies attended the forum. Markets represented included the UAE, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Morocco, Tunisia, Algeria, Turkey, Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, Iran and Pakistan. LG's new global management strategy, Blue Ocean, aims to establish LG as a top-three consumer electronics company by 2010, doubling sales volumes, profits and shareholder benefits. Flagship or ‘Blue Ocean' products that demonstrate market leadership, high sales and profit performance will accelerate brand growth, and LG hopes that 30 per cent of sales and 50 per cent of profits will come from Blue Ocean products by 2010. ‘Well planned communication and PR campaigns play a critical role in achieving ambitious business goals and establishing LG as a premium brand,' said K. W Kim, President, LG Electronics Middle East and Africa. ‘As we move away from conventional business practices, Blue Ocean demands that we deliver a genuine point of difference for LG products. PR will bring the new strategy to life in multiple cultures and markets. ‘ ‘The sixth LG PR Forum in the Middle East and Africa has helped strengthen systems and share valuable new thinking. ‘ The forum received presentations on word of mouth marketing, e-PR, and photography. LG also invited representatives of leading print and TV media to share important industry perspectives. An issues and crisis management workshop was held on the last day of the forum. 4. 2 Brand value LG Electronics India Pvt. Ltd has 0 positive reviews and 0 negative reviews. Established in 1997, LG Electronics India Pvt. Ltd. (LGEIL), is a wholly owned subsidiary of LG Electronics, South Korea. It is South Korea’s second largest electronics maker and the world’s third largest appliance maker. With headquarters in the LG Twin Towers on Yeouido, Seoul, LG Electronics is the flagship company of LG Group, one of the largest chaebols. The company has 75 subsidiaries worldwide that design and manufacture televisions, home appliances, and telecommunications devices. LG Electronics owns Zenith Electronics and controls LG Displays, a joint venture with Philips Electronics. In India for a decade now, LG is the market leader in consumer durables and recognised as a leading technology innovator in the information technology and mobile communications business . LG is the acknowledged trendsetter for the consumer durable industry in India with the fastest ever nationwide reach, latest global technology and product innovation. LG Electronics was originally established in 1958 as GoldStar, producing radios, TVs, refrigerators,washing machines, and air conditioners. The LG Group was a merger of two Korean companies, Lucky and GoldStar, from which the abbreviation of LG was derived. The current â€Å"Life’s Good† slogan is a backronym. Before the corporate name change to LG, household products were sold under the brand name of Lucky, while electronic products were sold under the brand name of GoldStar. The GoldStar brand is still perceived as a discount brand. One of the most formidable brands, LGEIL has an impressive portfolio of Consumer Electronics, Home Appliances, GSM mobile phones and IT products. LG Electronics India Pvt. Ltd. , a wholly owned subsidiary of LG Electronics, South Korea was established in January, 1997 after clearance from the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB). The trend of beating industry norms started with the fastest ever-nationwide launch by LG in a period of 4 and 1/2 months with the commencement of operations in May 1997. LG set up a state-of-the art manufacturing facility at Greater Noida, near Delhi, in 1998, with an investment of Rs 500 Crores. This facility manufactured Colour Televisions, Washing Machines, Air-Conditioners and Microwave Ovens. In the year 2000, LG Information & Communications merged the world’s first Internet-enabled refrigerator resulting in Global sales of refrigerators reaching the number one position. During the year 2001, LG also commenced the home production for its eco-friendly Refrigerators and established its assembly line for its PC Monitors at its Greater Noida manufacturing unit. The beginning of 2003 saw the roll out of the first locally manufactured Direct Cool Refrigerator from the plant at Greater Noida. In 2004, LGEIL also up its second Greenfield manufacturing unit in Pune, Maharashtra that commences operations in October 2004. Covering over 50 acres, the facility manufactures LCD TV, GSM Phones, Color Televisions, Air Conditioners, Refrigerators, Microwave Ovens Color Monitors. Both the Indian manufacturing units has been designed with the latest technologies at par with international standards at South Korea and are one of the most Eco-friendly units amongst all LG manufacturing plants in the world. LG has been able to craft out in ten years, a premium brand positioning in the Indian market and is today the most preferred brand in the segment. Business Domains of LGEIL: Mobile Communications LG is a global leader in mobile communications, specializing in UMTS, CDMA, and GSM handsets. Thanks to its wide range of wired and wireless options, the company is becoming a force to be reckoned with on the international market. In India LG is targeting GSM handset business in premium trend setter segment, Camera & music segment & color screen segment. Digital Appliances LG changing homes in many ways, offering customers exceptional value and convenience. Innovative digital appliances range from 100% washer dryer with direct drive technology, built-in LCD TV refrigerator, Lightwave cooking oven (solardom) to artcool split air conditioner. Digital Display LG offers a wide range of digital display products, equipped with customer-oriented designs and technologies. With its LCD TVs, Full HD Plasma TVs, Ultra-slim Color TVs, LCD monitors LG is pulling out all the stops to remain the front-runner in today’s digital display industry. Digital Media LG has a great interest in digital media and is continually developing and producing digital convergence products that promise to enrich the lives of its customers. The company produces Laptops, Personal Computers, LCD monitors, CRT monitors & Optical Storage Devices. 4. 3 Brand equity LG Electronics India Ltd (LGEIL), consumer durables leader with 27% market share, is planning a brand new image. To attract aspirational and young consumers across India, company will roll out a new marketing strategy. The exercise will cost the company Rs 360 crore. V Ramchandran, Director – Sales and marketing, LGEIL says, â€Å"In the last ten years since the parent company launched India operation under LG Electronics India, we assumed leadership position in home appliances and consumer durable items. Company was focused on the segment as per consumer demand. However, the scenario is different now. † Besides reliability and affordability, there's an aspirational value attached to electronic appliances, a sea change from the past. And hence the image makeover. The first step, to communicate LG's quality and brand equity, has been the launch of Brand Shoppes, dedicated outlets of LG products in metros. † Ramchandran says. He explained, †Young consumer is a ware about new designs and advanced technology. Top class consumers spend more and don't mind spending more to fulfill their aspiration. In India 50-60 % consumer are young and willing to purchase new, different, attractive and exciting items. † In a bid to meet the challenges of an increasingly mature retail environment in the country and redefining the standards for digital lifestyle retailing, it is necessary to focus on brand image. LG Brand Shoppe goes beyond the concept of a normal exclusive store by having a more interactive environment and additional lifestyle orientation on display so that the customer can actually experience the LG products in his or her own home settings. †Company is setting up a chain of exclusive premium showrooms. LG plans to launch 60 premium Brand Shoppes by the end of the first quarter of this year,† he said. At present, LG has a total of 83 LG stores across the country, of which 45 are shoppes and 38 are exclusive stores. Brand shoppes will be placed in the premium segment and the target audience will comprise buyers interested in premium and high end products. Online Brand Audit 5. 1 Online Brand Audit Every day at Friends of the Earth Scotland we receive calls asking us about environmentally friendly products: whether it is really worth recycling and how to go about greening the office. Our Online Audit is designed to answer these questions. It is aimed at those putting green office policy into practice and those who want to protect the environment but may not have the time or the money to immediately overhaul the workplace. To work towards a greener office environment we all have to look at the resources we use and reduce the waste and pollution that is created each working day. We hope that this audit will provide solutions and guidance in creating that greener office. Greening the Office Online Audit The audit includes basic information on identifying environmental impacts and finding solutions. The majority of the questions will apply to all offices. Supporting Information The fact sheets provide practical information on the main topics. There are also directories of web based links to sources of further information, green office suppliers, environmental calculators. Green Office Action Plan For even more information on Greening the Office, we have produced a comprehensive easy-to-use guide, the Green Office Action Plan (GOAP). It has additional background information on all the topics (and more) included in our Online Audit. The GOAP includes practical â€Å"blow-up† pages, audit templates, facts and figures, green suppliers and additional sources of information. All information contained in the Green Office Online Audit, including details of companies, organisations, their products and services is believed to be correct at the time of initial launch in June 2003. Friends of the Earth Scotland cannot be held responsible for any services or goods offered by the companies contained in the Directory, nor do we endorse any environmental claims made by the said companies. Supply Chain Management with other Departments SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT WITH OTHER DEPARTMENTS 7. 1 INTRODUCTION A supply chain management is the hub of a large part of a company’s business activity. By its very nature, it has tried to maintain cordial relationship with all other departments in the firm, as well with the supplier’s. The reason been as it has to operate in accordance and in line with all other departments. I have tried to learn the role of supply chain with some of the departments in LG Electronics, to which a brief description I am giving below: . 2 SUPPLY CHAIN AND MANUFACTURING Supply chain plays an important role in the manufacturing, because it aims at procurement of material at the right time and through the right channels. Maintaining coordination between the two pays off in many ways. It assists in the efforts by obtaining faster responses from the supplier, working with suppliers to improve their capabilities etc, which is generally not seen in t he common scenario. Other important issue noticed is that of the information technology which have greatly simplified the relationship between the two. Use of computers and other sophisticated software allow the firm material resources planning system to communicate seamlessly with the counterpart system at the firm suppliers. All these factors contribute a lot in reducing the direct cost and offsetting the increase in the material coast, besides adding added benefits like of skilled machinists and expensive machine tools and other high priority work. 7. 3 SUPPLY CHAIN AND MARKETING Supply chain should be marketing best friend as it directly or indirectly affects the sales process of LG Electronics. Further in case the product is not demanded or the sale is less than in that case the supply management department can be intimated and they can further reduce the procurement of the material from the supplier. Beside this supply chain also provides immediate information regarding increase in the material price. This helps the marketing department to evaluate the effects of rises in price estimates given for the future sales quotations, on current selling price and on plans for the future product lines. As such LG Electronics emphasis that the supply chain and marketing department must wisely blend their interest in the area of customer. There should be a correlation between the two so that what ever has been advertised by the marketing department is been produced and delivered to the customer. This is only possible when the supply chain of the organization is efficient and effective in the procurement and maintaining a regular flow of material in the organization. 7. 4 SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AND FINANCE The finance department of LG Electronics is charged with two principle responsibility – obtaining funds and overseeing their use. Supply chain of LG is responsible for as much as 80 percentage of firm’s financial resources. As such the chief financial officer has a vested interest in cost efficient supply chain management. This department has some very important role to play in supply chain as it determines the amount of resources that the firm needs to procure, when to procure, what to procure etc. If this department of LG is not efficient it will not be able to make an impact on the supply chain as everything is depended upon the financial resources. Further it helps in effective investment so that the company does not have to pay higher price for the same material at the later stages. Further it make prompt reimbursement to supplier which ultimately helps in maintaining goodwill in the minds of the supplier and also obtaining good quality of material at lower cost. As such supply chain and the finance department should coordinate on expenditure that has significant impact on the firm’s cash position. . 5 SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT AND QUALITY In LG Electronics major emphasis is been given to quality both in terms of raw material procurement and finished goods. As such quality professionals are involved not only in maintaining quality but also undertaking the development of new products, sourcing and minimizing quality problem throughout the supply chain. 7. 6 FOUR PHASES OF SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT IN LG ELECTRONICS The four phases of supply management require many perspective and inputs best obtained through a cross – functional approach. The four phases of supply management are as follows: 1. GENERATION OF REQUIREMENT – the generation of requirement is a critical activity that results in the identification of material to be purchased, along with the development of specification and statement of work describing the requirements. This is an important phase since most of the designing is done relating to purchasing material, service and equipment. It also takes into account the commercial issues like cost, availability, substitute and alike. 2. SOURCING- the main aim is relating to the identification and selection of the supplier whose cost, quality, technology, dependability and service best suits the need’s of the firm. Thus it not only aims at identification but also in maintaining cordial relationship with them. 3. POST- AWARD ACTIVITIES- this activity ensures that the firm receives what was ordered on time and at the price and quality specified. The activities that are been included are supplier development, technical assistance, troubleshooting, and the management of contract and the resultant relationship. 4. SUPPLY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS- it is very important for a firm to have a management system. A cross functional approach to supply management allows each functional area affected by the procurement of material, equipment, and service to be involved at a point where it may contribute to the lowest total cost. For instance we take the case of ‘operation has it in the productivity implication of different material’. Although such activities do not participate early enough to voice their concern and needs. Customer Focus in Supply Chain Management CUSTOMER FOCUS IN SUPPLY CHAIN MANAGEMENT . 1 INRODUCTION Supply chain management has in recent years has acquired immense attention in the industry circle. The growing interest can be attributed to he rapid changes in the global business scenario. It has know been looked upon as an expanded responsibility to attain value optimization, and to compete on a variety of dimension such as cost, quality, and flexibility. As such when we focus our study towards customer we basically try to identify: ? The significance of customer in the supply chain; ?The importance of customer-driven strategies; The various strategies of customer satisfaction; ?The imperatives for supply chain management; ?The rationale of supply chain management towards customer. 8. 2 FOCUS ON CUSTOMER SERVICE Effective customer service has become a competitive requirement and a way to attract and retain customer. A focus logistics and customer service strategy is still a dream of various companies, to which LG is responding positively. The reason been the company articulated and consistent customer service goals and the logistic function within the supply chain management has dominantly remained focused. Despite all these efforts it is still trying to accomplish a complete customer service by taking into account the following: ? To provide a quantitative understanding of the customer requirement for each element of customer service, like delivery, reliability, availability etc; ? To measure the relative importance of each element of customer service; ? To asses the performance of the company and of its major competitors for each element of customer service; ? To provide an understanding of the relative significance of customer service issues related like price, product and quality. These above mentioned service can be of great benefit if properly conceived and implemented. Beside this, survey can provide a clear direction to the logistic function allowing it to focus energies on creating and managing a system that most efficiently achieve the consensus. 8. 3 CUSTOMER SEGMENTATION A useful and very powerful tool for understanding the customer requirement is to segment them on the basis of some common characteristics. This helps the company to have a bird’s view about its customer. Especially in case of onsumer durable industry like LG Electronics whose focus is on understanding customer requirement and organizing activities to serve the customer. But in the era of cut throat competition LG is trying to device new ways of grouping customer. One of these approaches is account segmentation which organizes customer into common groups based upon their common attributes. Through this approach LG is trying to identify market segment that is well positioned to se rve and than organize its product and service offering to serve them in a distinctively superior way. Another way is the creative account segment which allows them to think new ways about the customer requirements. 8. 4 CUSTOMER – CENTRIC SUPPLY CHAIN In the context of present scenario ‘customer satisfaction’ is something that keeps on revolving in the minds of the competitors with reference to as how they could capture the market and have their dominance in terms of their product in the market. As such the focus has know shifted from product centered to customer centered because customer is considered as the king and unless they do not consume the products the company cannot be successful At times we do hear that companies are not able to mark their presence in the market in terms of their product, and if we go for the reasoning we find that there are two attributes or reasons-not keeping in mind customer requirement, and because of not having a clear statement of vision and mission. When we talk in terms of LG Electronics we find that LG because of its sound policy and practical approach is able to provide the best service in the industry besides keeping lower cost than that of its competitors. This has being possible because it has prepared a clear written statement of his mission of the supply chain which is in consistent with key corporate strategic thrust. This helps LG in attaining its target and remaining its loyalty towards its customer. These targets further acts as guidelines for designing and fine tuning the supply chain system and to track actual performance against the target that has been set. Know we take into consideration the various important aspects of customer service on which LG Electronics has emphasized and because of which it has mastered its success at the global level. These important aspects are: ? Ability to fill the complete order ?Accurate documentation ?After- sales service ?Assistance with design changes ?Availability of spare parts ?Competence and availability of technical representatives 8. 5 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS Environmental factors also do have a strong bearing on the manufactures to produce goods which are acceptable to the society and are appreciated. If the factors are not taken into consideration then it would be very difficult for the company to sell its products in the market. Based upon these LG Electronics always take into consideration these factors. As such I have tried to identify these factors, which are been divided into two parts: 1). External Economy 2). Internal Management External Economy: ?Recessionary economy ?Rising/falling prime interest rate and condition of equity markets ? Increasing international regulations involving – 1) Product Related 2) Environmental (ISO 14000/Euro II) 3) Safety ?Increasing transportation cost Internal management ?Repositioning supply chain management ?Integration and upgrading of customer order processing function using IT ? Computer modeling of large scale distribution system ?Pressure on inventory reductions from top management Better use of data processing capability using IT ?Experience gained from period of product shortage with lower customer shortage service levels specially in developing economies As such LG Electronics focus its attention on serving their customer the way their customer wants to be served for that it must address five important areas: ? Understanding custome r service needs ?Value added capabilities ?Redesign the logistic network structure and operating policies ? Identifying the performance level or the level of acceptance along with a comparison with key competitors CHAPTER SEVEN RESEARCH METHODOLOGY It is a conclusive research which is based on operational procedure of LG Electronics. The finding of this project is based on qualitative data rather than quantitative data. Therefore the major finding would be dynamic in nature. The analysis of this project is presented through graphical presentation based on data collected. Some of the quantitative and qualitative method will be used as per requirement of the research work. SOURCES OF DATA COLLECTION In this study of mine I would be collecting the data through two sources, which has been as follows: Primary Data: . Personal interview 2. Questionnaire Secondary Data: 1. Journals 2. Magazine 3. Company Bulletin 4. Search Engine – Google CHAPTER EIGHT DATA ANALYSIS AND DICUSSION An Overview This chapter focus its attention on the data analysis of the responses received as a part of the questionnaire that was been filled by them. The graphical representation would also help me in proving my hypothesis which I have set in my study. Along with that I would be focusing my attention on some others aspect but they will be correlated to supply chain in some form or the other. The graphical representation would be self explanatory; beside this some data in form of theory would also be written to help the reader or the evaluator to understand it completely. 8. 1 Use of information technology while implementing supply chain management Information technology has always played an important role in the diversified field. When we specifically talk in terms of supply chain of LG we found that employees are willing to accept it, as responded by them in the questionnaire since it indirectly benefit them. The following diagram 1 represents the same Note N represents sample size . 2 Results delivered by supply chain This diagram 2 includes the response of basically of the middle management who are in a better position to say about the whether supply chain has delivered results to LG Electronics or not. Note N= Sample size 8. 3 Purchasing of additional software for supply chain Note: N = sample size 8. 4 Application of Information Technology in supply chain Here the m ain reason for asking such a question is to know the application of IT with special reference to satisfaction level. Note N = sample size 8. 5 Reason for implementing supply chain When organizations introduce something new there is some purpose or logic behind it. In case of supply chain we have tried to figure out the context in which the concepts is implemented and the area of its greats impact. The diagram 5 represents the logic or purpose Note N= sample size 8. 6 Training to employees about supply chain In this diagram 6 we our trying to figure out the complexity involved in supply chain training or that it a simple way process. In this question I got a mixed response from the employees, because a different kind of training was provided to different employees. As such a standard training is not given to all the employees. Note N = sample size 8. 7 Performance response of supply chain working Note N = sample size 8. 8 Preference for the procurement of material Supply chain of LG Electronics is depended on the procurement of material. Since the material is required on a continuous basis the management of the company needs to identify the preference sources from where to procure material. Diagram 8 represents the source from where the material is taken along with percentage quantity. Note N = sample size 8. Supply chain management effect on decision making LG Electronics as researched has tried to offset a negative impact of decision on the flow of supply chain. Due emphasis is paid to see that there is no delayed action that directly or indirectly affect the supply chain. Note N = sample size CHAPTER NINE GENERAL OBSERVATION FINDING OF THE STUDY ?Supply chain management is a relatively a new subject of study, therefore should be cautiously b e used in order to be effective; ? The primary data collected revealed that employees show enthusiasm towards the new concept introduced; ? The research reveals that supply chain is most effective in the procurement and distribution of goods; ? The future prospects of supply chain are challenging and competitive; ? The research reveals that the objective of supply chain is to achieve operational excellence; ? Supply chain facilitate executives in formulating a comprehensive strategy and control framework; ? Supply chain is an effective tool for increasing profitability, market share, and responsiveness; SWOT Analysis of LG Electronics Strengths: ?Young and Dynamic management; Strong desire among the employees to improve the existing system and procedure; ? Broader frame of mind of employees reflected by their acceptance of changes in their working patterns; ? Company’s name and its goodwill in the market. Weakness: ?To much paper work is involved in the procurement of material; ? Not a healthy information storage leading to delays in passing orders; ? Too many vendors; ?No specific standard for the procurement of material. Opportunities: ?Growing market for consumer durables which makes an effective supply chain use; ? Information technology can be effectively explored; ?A field of study with lot of growth opportunities; ?Increased market share due to quick flow of finished products. Threats: ?Not easy flow of material as desired due to increased competition; ? Technological advancement is a major threat ; ?Numbers of competitors. CHAPTER TEN CONCLUSION Managing faster supply chain has become imperative to gain and sustain competitive advantage. The challenge of the modern manufacturing company is to keep a holistic approach towards the management for remaining competitive on an international basis. The focus is on the increasing importance of the supply chain function to corporate competitiveness As such a study of 100 random samples of LG employees in supply department was conducted in order to understand the effective use of supply chain management and its application in the light of information technology. Research was conducted accordingly and a favorable response was seen among the employees towards the adoption of supply chain management which can be seen from the graphical representation. The conclusion drawn is that most of the employees feel that use of information technology in supply chain would definitely going to enefit the organization in the long run. Thus the hypothesis set by me is accepted since LG do believe that information technology has important role to play in the supply chain management. Further they should form a strong customer and supplier database and underline some strategies in order to promote the supply chain and make employees aware about it. C HAPTER ELEVEN RECOMMENDATION FOR FURTHER STUDY Supply chain management is an integrated document useful for understanding the most essential business process of an enterprise and useful in confronting emerging challenges posed by the external environment. In my study of supply chain management in LG Electronics, I have tried to depict, supply chain in the light of information technology. That is how information technology can be a useful tool in the implementation and successful operating of supply chain. As such following are the recommendation for further study in relation to the points that needs to be focused: ? To study the benefits of an integrated framework for a coordinated system working and its effective use relating to supply chain; ? To study the recent developments in the field of Information Technology and its use in supply chain; ? To understand the implication of various technologies on the supply chain; ? To understand the significance of an environment friendly supply chain; ? To understand the basic trade off involved in the selection of supply chain; ? To study the benefits of being competitive through the elements of supply chain management strategy as used by. BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. Essential of supply chain management By Dr. R. P. Mohanty and Dr. S. G. Deshmukh 2. World class supply chain management By Burt. Dobler. Starling 3. Journal on Industrial technology 4. Journal on supply chain management 5. Company Bulletin, Magazine, newspaper 6. www. google. co. in . www. lg. com REVIEW OF LITERATURE The first view of purchasing was the material management concept. Undoubtedly this movement was accelerated by the Second World War – the rapid growth of aerospace firm and the influence of military logistic. But by the end of mid 1950’s, material management concept gain significance with the introduction of supply chain management. The manager of the organization felt that production control and in plant material movement was their function. As such material requirement planning was forced in the organization, to look at the entire flow of both incoming material and outgoing finished goods as a system. In between them the purchasing was caught with constant changing delivery dates, order and quantity etc. As such a book written by â€Å"D. N. Burt† represents a major bridge from material management to supply chain management. He develops cross functional team approach which is build on synergy advantage of material management but expanded it to include suppliers. Here the major ownership is being on ownership cost. As such supply chain management is the upstream of the organization value chain and is responsible for ensuring that the right material service and echnology are purchased from the right source, at the right time and is directed towards the end or the ultimate user. Questionnaire 1. Which Supply Chain Management software/Method do you use? ?Please specify. .. .. . . 2. Did you make use of Information Technology when implementing your supply chain management software? ?Yes ?No 3. Did your supply chain software deliver the result expected or promised by the company? ?Yes ?No 4. Did your supply chain software require additional expenditure to customize the program to your company operation? ?Yes ?No 5. How often do you need to purchase upgrades for your supply chain software? ?Often ?Sometimes ?Rarely ?Do not purchase 6. Would you like to purchase additional software for the company? ?Yes ?No 7. How satisfied were you with the application of Information Technology in supply chain management? ?Satisfied ?Somewhat Satisfied ?Undecided ?Dissatisfied 8. What was the main reason you to implement the supply chain management? ?Planning ?Map out supply chain function ?Solve conflicting objective within supply chain

Customer Behavior in Fast Food Industry Essay

Recently a customer behaviour survey was undertaking among fast food giants like Hungry Jacksâ„ ¢, K.F.C.â„ ¢, Mc Donald’sâ„ ¢, and Pizza Hutâ„ ¢ Much has been written and said about cleanliness in restaurants. Every now and then people vindictively drool over a story about a restaurant not being up to health regulation standards. Customers complain about waitresses handling money and then serving food without washing their hands. Sometimes they take a glimpse into the kitchen and are horrified at the cooks personal hygiene. But how often are customers scrutinized for their filthy habits? Their nose picking antics and then a serve of pizza straight after, or a visit to the toilets without washing hands. How have customers been getting away with these unclean habits for so long in a society where cleanliness should be a priority? What shall restaurant managers do about these peculiar people who come and drag them through court because of food poisoning? Was it really the food or was it their grubby hands which fingered the food after they came from the toilet or from their habitation? Some Eastern customs have a sweet smelling, hot or cold finger bowl on the table. Often the food is not served until all have dipped their fingers in this, really, disinfectant solution. In aeroplanes, sometimes hot, disinfectant face washers are handed out before a meal is served. Maybe restaurant proprietors ought to take note and introduce something similar. Society’s cleanliness has degraded over the years, people have become lazy, nonchalant about cleanliness and laugh when something is said about personal hygiene. Watch out sickness is on the rise! Germs are gaining in numbers, beware lest they consume you in your ignorance! Questionnaire Restaurant Proprietors Answered 1: Do customers wash their hands before they sit down and dine-in? No, not generally. Actually, I have never seen anybody do it yet. 2: Do adults make more mess than children? Yes, definitely. It’s surprising, but they do. 3: What is the general behaviour of adults like? Ok†¦ I guess 4: Do they speak quietly, noisy or outright rudely and loud? Most people behave politely but when you have a group of teenagers they are often very noisy, rude and offensive to other customers as well as the staff. 5: Are adults more polite and friendly to staff than teenagers? A lot of teenagers are generally polite and friendly but some adults are more rude than teenagers. 6: Do customers have respect for the furniture, crockery, glassware etc? Yes, usually they’re pretty good. 7: Do they steal anything like salt and pepper shakers, cutlery etc? Theft is high with cutlery, desert bowls and anything smaller than the dinner plate. 8: Do most pay their bill without grumbling? Yes, they don’t have much choice. Do they? 9: In places where you can eat as much as you like, are customers wasteful? Absolutely! The gross amount of waste is shocking.   With so much poverty and starvation in the world it is sometimes sad to see good food going to the dump. 10: Do customers touch food on self-serve salad bars and put it back? Children and teenagers are the worst offenders. Adults also have a habit of fingering foods and not consuming it. A bad habit if they haven’t washed their hands. 11: Would you like to see a better dress standard for customers that dine here? No, we would loose a lot of customers if we did. We’re a family restaurant. People drop in and out all the time. 12: Do customers who use toilet facilities wash their hands after use? Can’t really tell. I would like to think they do. 13: In what state do they leave the toilet facilities after using them? No worse than any other public toilet facility. 14: Does management get many complaints from customers? Occasionally, we try to sort out any loud gatherings before they get out of hand. Most people are satisfied with the quality and quantity of food we prepare every day†¦.

Research proposal on the impact of marketing strategies and loyalty Dissertation

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SUPPROTING DOCUMENT - Essay Example My father shifted to Canada some time back and after that we encountered serious financial losses, so much so that he went bankrupt. After this, we had to give up all the luxuries of life and live on a literal hand to mouth approach. I went into a mental trauma and could not concentrate on my studies properly all this while. This resulted in my failing some courses as well. My parents also got separated at home due to bickering that was an on-going affair. I just could not concentrate on anything and studies for sure took a back seat in this whole equation. This asked me to pour in my best efforts towards the studies but the amount of tension, shock and awe I was in, nobody could ever understand. It was only when my father took me to the counselor of bankruptcy for English translation, as his English was not good that I came to know the magnitude of the whole problem. I was the co-signer in the bankruptcy statement. The severity hit me and my family and because of this our living was in doldrums. More than that, we had to endure a lot of physical and emotional pain at the hands of the whole situation which by this time had become unbearable for me, let alone my parents who were the direct recipients of this tragedy. In the meanwhile, I cleared language courses at school but just could not pass the psychology one. I have always had a soft corner and personal liking for this course and it is because of this that I am penning this letter to you in the first place. The reasons have been mentioned duly in this communication and I wish to apprise you of the same again here stating that all these things matter to me a lot and my physical and emotional self is hurt to the maximum and now is the time when I want to achieve something in life and for that to happen I want to get over with my tensions and worries once and for all. However, all said and done, these problems

Video Gaming Addicition Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Video Gaming Addicition - Research Paper Example Video game addiction usually begins with the child wanting to relax and enjoy in his life but as the game moves forward, the child becomes addicted to a point that games take over the majority of the time of the individual. Aim of the Research In this paper, we attempt to evaluate the term â€Å"video game addiction† and the issues related to this type of addiction. This will be done by going through the existing literature on video game addiction and coming up with a suitable means to deal with the issue in the light of the knowledge gained. Review of Literature For the review of literature, the following experts have been consulted. Griffith, in his book Gambling and gaming addictions in adolescence defines addiction as a condition whereby a person becomes so involved in an activity that it negatively impacts other arenas of his life including social, personal and academic life. In this light, video game addiction has been defined by Griffith as an addiction whereby an individual is a) compulsively involved; b) develops connections with other addicts; c) develops a lack of interest in other spheres of his life; and d) exhibits mental and physical symptoms when taken out of the gaming environment. According to Griffith, Video game addiction is a growing phenomenon around the world as gaming companies bring in more innovation and technology in their games. Also with the advent of Massive Multiplayer Online Role-Playing Games (MMORPGs), there has been a substantial increase in video game addiction. ... The most pressing complaint of the parents of addicted children as found out by Griffith is that video games tend to seclude the children from their real life which includes their academic life and their social life. Griffith also believes that the cause of video game addiction is the personality of the gamer. Research has shown that certain individuals are more likely to become addicts as compared to the rest of the population. A control study developed by Griffith and managed on a group of video game addicts revealed that these gamers are highly intelligent and achievement-oriented; and this could be linked as a source for their addiction towards games. Games, both online and otherwise, fulfill the basic psychological needs of these gamers, such as their need for achievement, their room for relaxation and their freedom for daily anxieties and tensions. Griffith also goes on to state that there are certain individuals that become addicts because of the environment around them. We kn ow that people take on drugs when they wish to run away from the anxieties of their lives and in a similar way, video game addiction provides the same escape to such individuals. Griffith believes that when these individuals find it difficult to cope up with their problems, they seek solace in the virtual world of games where they can confront their enemies head on without any repercussions and without being afraid. Marko Skoric, from Wee Kim Wee School of Communication & Information, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Linda Ching Teo from Shriro Singapore Pte Ltd, Singapore and Rachel Lijie Neo from Wee Kim Wee School of Communication & Information are of the view that children within their academic lives, are unable to manage their home work and

Persuasion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Persuasion - Essay Example Emphasizing this particular issue, the objective of the essay is to develop an overview about the nature of message delivered through articles referred. Furthermore, in this essay, classification of the articles titled â€Å"Tough love for fat people: Tax their food to pay for healthcare† by Healy (2009), â€Å"Should fattening foods be taxed?† by Cafferty (2009) and â€Å"Americans against Food Taxes† by SourceWatch (2011) is done respectively, depending on the writing styles and the effects that they could generate on the common people. The major strength that could possibly be noted from the article titled â€Å"Americans against Food Taxes† is the group’s focus on the reaction of the common people regarding food taxes induced on government defined â€Å"unhealthy foods† (SourceWatch, 2011). Similarly, the articles titled â€Å"Tough love for fat people: Tax their food to pay for healthcare† and â€Å"Should fattening foods be taxed?† can be treated as informative sources reflecting on the ways general people are bound to suffer for such taxation, especially those who are not obese; thus, offering a contradictory point of view to the issue (Cafferty, 2009; Healy, 2009). The article by SourceWatch (2011), provides a clear indication of the ways the group, i.e. Americans against Food Taxes are supporting the people combating against food taxation, which might in turn, serve as an emotional base for the popularity of the article. As can be observed, the major strength of this articl e have been to draw attention of its readers towards aspects, which might be left overlooked when interpreting both the pros and cons of the issue concerning tax imposition on â€Å"unhealthy† foods. One of the key weaknesses of the article by SourceWatch (2011) is its focus on unveiling the arguments made by the Americans against Food Taxes group, funded by renowned beverage companies in the US.

Management of information technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Management of information technology - Essay Example That same ability raises the specter of nightmarish Orwellian scenarios in which consumer purchasing behavior is captured in databases that are manipulated by corporations and government as a tool for spying. RFID utilizes a tag containing a computer chip that stores data relating to the tagged item, such as color, size, brand, warranty information, etc. Tags can also be affixed to pallets and cartons to identify contents of shipments during the distribution process. An antenna in the tag transmits and receives data through radio waves, which are picked up by a reader (Carlson 2006). In one type of RFID system known as passive, a signal is sent out by the reader creating a magnetic field, which is broadcast by its antenna to create a sensitive detection zone. When a RFID tag enters this zone it picks up the reader’s signals, which turn on the microchip’s transmitter, thus informing the reader of its presence. Passive RFID is a short range system in which the reader must range from one inch to a few feet from the tag in order to engage a signal (Kasavana 2006). Another type of RFID technology is known as active. This is a longer range system because both the tag and reader have power supply units and are capable of sending and receiving signals. The transmission range may be up to one hundred feet due to this mutual transmission. The data on active RFID microchips can also be rewritten (Kasavana 2006). Active tags are far more expensive than passive tags (up to $40 as compared to 15 cents for passive tags) and are therefore less attractive and appropriate in a commercial retail environment (Carlson 2006). Nevertheless, given their long range scanning potential, active RFID has a broader range of potential applications. It also drives greater concerns regarding potential abuse. RFID is considered to be more effective at inventory tracking than traditional bar codes for several reasons. First, it is

Recession Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Recession - Essay Example n increasing consumer spending to be able to gain business cycle expansion which I strongly agree with as I believe that this is one good way to turn the tables around since one strong reason why the US is actually experiencing recession would be the fall of big businesses because of weakening consumer spending (Recovery, F. T, n.d.). This would mean that the US should consider slowing down on pushing for loans in almost any purchase that a consumer could buy which results to slow movement of money in the economy. It does not take too much analysis to know by now that too much credit creates lesser economic activity. However, taking the side of other economists saying that lowering taxes would be the key for US to rise above the recession is totally wrong because of the fact that one of the main source of money inflow in this hard times would hugely rely on taxes and lowering this would make it impossible for recession to get any better as the US government will have lesser funds for the country when it should be able to buy bonds and sell more bonds at the same time increasing the bank reserve requirement. Rampell, C. (n.d.). Second US Recession Could Be Worse Than First - CNBC. Stock Market News, Business News, Financial, Earnings, World Market News and Information - CNBC. Retrieved November 29, 2011, from

Problem based learning activity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Problem based learning activity - Essay Example In our initial meeting, we spoke about the locations of the schools. We discussed the education area of Lamar, the administration governing the schools and the number of schools in the region. From our research, we found out that Lamar city consists of five schools ;Primary School, Elementary School, Middle School, High School, and Lamar Career & Technical Center. We also discussed the history of the area. In this discussion, we talked about where people work in agriculture, ranches, and trading. We found out that the area is known for being the home of President Harry Truman. It is located about 292 miles west St. Louis in a beautiful agricultural land with 5.43 square miles area. The population of the area is approximately 4500 with 95% being whites while the rest are from different ethnicities; 0.7% African Americans, 0.3% Asians, 0.6% Native Americans. In our second meeting, we had an intention of creating a plan for improving weaknesses in the education system by collecting data on internal documents, exam results and curricula. This was important in helping us identify the subjects that needed improvement, making a three-year plan for professional development and offering solutions to the current problems. By studying the data for different subjects during the last three years and the effect on students’ comprehension, we could determine the current problems with the system. Moreover, the study would help us find a solution to solve the current problems. Comparing information from different areas was very beneficial in terms of identifying problems and making suggestions. In the third meeting, we discussed the results of our data research on the previous two meetings. We realized that half of the students in grades 3 to 8 had bad results in English. In mathematics, we identified that at least half of the students had good results. However, less than half of the students had good results

Relationship between christianity, judaism, and islam Research Paper

Relationship between christianity, judaism, and islam - Research Paper Example This word, historically and textually, is considered ambivalent since it can be interpreted as a simple struggle with one’s ego and it could also be interpreted as an act of physical violence against the infidels. Muslims were always accused of waging war against the non-believers. They were not the only ones that have waged wars in the name of religion because even Jews and Christians did.2 Dr. M. Amir Ali argued in this respect that â€Å"jihad is usually associated with Islam and Muslims, but in fact the concept of Jihad is found in all religions including Christianity, Judaism and political/economic ideologies†¦Islam defines Jihad as striving and struggling for improvement as well as fighting back to defend one’s self, assets and homeland.†3 Oddly, in the Christian tradition, Jesus is relegated to the level of God and he is viewed as the savior of all humankind. However, in Islam he is seen as a Prophet who was entrusted to fulfill God’s mission on earth. Very often, such difference in creeds lead to religious conflicts as every religion strives its best and utmost to impose its creeds amidst people. This is why it is recommended that a spirit of respect and tolerance should be developed in order to help these Abrahamic faiths co-exist. Theologian and religious scholars have therefore to consecrate all the efforts in order to reconsider the wrong meaning of Jihad and correct some falsehoods that are relevant to some versions of the

Impact of Christianity on Philosophy Essay Example for Free

Impact of Christianity on Philosophy Essay Introduction Christianity’s doctrines and tenets draw from a rich heritage of long historical development. And since it is a religion shaped by history, it follows only that its teachings are influenced by the prevailing philosophies within it. But there are also good reasons to think that, conversely, Christianity is a religion that did not only draw from existing philosophies in history but also generated a significant impact on them. Three reasons may be cited to support this contention. First, philosophy was made popular by the rise of Christianity; second, key Christian thinkers have endeavored to incorporate philosophy within their belief-systems; and third, many of their teachings are actually philosophical issues Christianized in the process. Christianity and Philosophy   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, the rise of Christianity seems to be a factor responsible for the great interest many people have shown towards philosophy during the ancient times. It must be noted that even before Christianity as a religious movement was to be commenced (following the death of Jesus, and the rapid conversion to a belief in him), prevailing philosophies such as Epicureanism, Neo-Platonism, Stoicism, and Skepticism were already in place (Moore Bruder, 2005, p. 77). But since the Romans – the political power of that time – showed little or no interest to these philosophies, they remained largely an undercurrent phenomenon. In many ways, the rise of Christianity paved the way for such philosophies to become widespread, as they are (specifically, Neo-Platonism and Aristotleanism) employed in many â€Å"religious ideas and practices† (p. 78).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Second, key thinkers such as Augustine and Thomas Aquinas also contributed a lot in employing philosophy as a way to explicate Christian beliefs. With Augustine, â€Å"Christianity became so permanently interwoven with elements of Platonic thought† (Moore Bruder, 2005, 79). Augustine’s theology was chiefly concerned with arguing truths about the eternality of Christian God and the capacity of the mind to grasp the eternal truths; and these teachings are importations of the Platonic metaphysics and cosmology. Aquinas meanwhile was responsible conceiving the â€Å"underlying accord between Christian principles and Aristotle’s philosophy† from the ashes of the dark ages (p. 88). As with Plato, Aquinas’ teachings about God, nature and existence, knowledge and the world conveniently employed the methods used by philosophy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Third, many teachings forwarded by key Christian thinkers are actually philosophies which underwent a process of Christian adaptation. In other words, the manner by which these thinkers employed philosophy in explicating their theologies â€Å"in effect† may be regarded as a process of â€Å"grafting the principles and distinction† of Greek philosophy to â€Å"Christian revealed truth† (p. 88) The doctrine of the human soul and the Trinity are glaring examples to this. If only to argue, the Christian teaching that human persons have both body and souls is very reminiscent of the Platonic dualistic cosmology, i.e., that reality is composed of matter and form. The doctrine of the Trinity meanwhile is heavily employing the concepts of universals – a teaching that enables one to infer the conceptual similarities defining of two otherwise distinct entities. The result of this adaptation process is very significant to philosophy. What this process achieved was to ultimately create a â€Å"complete Christian philosophy† (p. 89). Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This paper concludes that indeed, Christianity is a religious movement that had a significant impact in the development of philosophy. While there are many reasons that could be cited to substantiate such a claim, three factors were deemed to be of paramount importance: namely, the rapid rise of Christianity during the ancient era, the use of prevailing philosophies to explain Christian tenets by key Christian thinkers, and the creation of a complete Christian philosophy which capitalized on adapting philosophical issues within the context of Christianity. Work Cited Moore, B. Bruder, K. (2005). Philosophy: The Power of Ideas with PowerWeb. Sixth Edition.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New York, Mc-Graw Hill

ATM Deployment Strategy Using Rank Based Genetic Algorithm

ATM Deployment Strategy Using Rank Based Genetic Algorithm ATM Deployment Strategy using Rank based genetic algorithm using convolution CHAPTER 4 SYSTEM DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT 4.1 System Design Data processing can be shown by data flow models. At the early stage of examination, these models are used to show data processing in existing system. This data flow model consists of various notations which denotes functional processing, passing of data between two functions and storing data at some level. Data flow models are the step by step representation of data flow in sequence. Transformation of data takes place at each step in model while entering to next step. This transformation or processing steps are functions defined for particular activity or program. In this program functions data flow diagrams (DFDs) define software design. There are number data flow diagrams modeling rules are followed such as: 1) there should be in and out of data flow is compulsory for all processes. 2) Incoming Data is modified by all processes and they should produce transformed new outgoing data 3) data store must be involved with one data flow module. 4) One of the data flow must involve one ex ternal entity. 5) data flow should have minimum one process attached to it . 4.2 Data Flow Diagram In data flow diagrams’ data flow in the system is represented by graphical view. This graphical view can be used to represents any information or processing criteria in development of system. First step towards creation of overall system is shown by DFD which can later expand. DFDs show data processing in each function. Data flow diagrams provides information about what should be input for each module and expected output after processing as well as how the data will enter and how it is passed and where it is stored. DFDs are just used to show information flow in the system. They won’t show time required to complete the process or how processing can be done whether serially or parallel. 4.2.1 Physical DFD A physical data flow diagram (physical DFD) represents actual implementation of the system at the present DFD and required DFD can be designed as per future demands. Hence physical DFD can be designed in both forms in current position and one can build on future demands by customers. Physical DFDs describes set of data items included on each paper circulated in office and they describe truth about unique set of paper pieces that are stored together in filling cabinet. As it shows all information about data in all forms thus there is possibility of inclusion of references towards data that are redundant or copied the storage of data is implemented as tables that could be normalized or de-normalized relational database. Logical DFD work opposite to physical DFD in such a way that it tries to capture data flow aspects in system that is not copied or have redundancy. Context level data flow diagrams can be drawn practisizing it. They show interaction between external entities and system that are considered as data source and data sink. That could be helpful in drawing context diagrams. How this system interacts to external agents is designed naturally in terms of data flow between system boundaries. The context diagram denotes whole system as a single process and does not provide any information to internal organization. These context level diagrams are expanded next to generate level 1 flow diagram that represents small detailed information about the system to be modeled. Level 1 system represents ts of sub systems from which system is built that each process consists of more than one data flows which goes to external entity or comes from it and considering theses processes together forms one single system. Data stored from each module should be in order to perform its job and this defines the actual data moving from different parts of system. DFDs are important part of structured systems analysis and it is SSADM method. These diagrams provide information of system evolution in simple word to the sponsor person or end user. DFDs provide information about operation of system will complete its task and implementation details about system. DFDs of old system can be compared with new proposed system to see the output and can be used for development of system with updates. A data flow diagram provides idea to end user about the change in systems output after giving data input at modules. System development can be shown through DFD model. There are different levels of data flow diagrams and designer should show partition of system into sub systems, also the data flow between each module. In SDLC for analysis and design step DFDs are used. Data flow diagrams can be drawn by using various notations (Yourdon Coad, GaneSarson), that shows data stores, data flow, processes, and external agents. Figure 4.1:Notations used in the Dataflow Diagram In the above figure 4.1 the notations used for showing data flow diagrams have shown. It indicated the control flow of project modules from starting to end. The following figures show each modules data flow diagram. As modules include: 1) Area grid generator 2) Random population initialize 3) Applying algorithm. Fig.4.2 Flow diagram of area grid generator As shown in the above fig 4.2 data flow diagram input values are passed that are latitude and longitude of each point so that one area is selected. After that this transformation of data can takes place in the form of distance calculation. Hence the output will be calculated distance is divided into smaller grids. Fig. 4.3 Flow diagram of random population initialization A data flow diagram defines the data flow from one module to another module this can be illustrated in this system as shown in above fig 4.3. In this DFD the input comes from area grid generator in the partitioned form of area grid. In this module main function is to generate random population for each smaller grid. After the population generation for each grid random ATM machine is located. Fig. 4.4 Flow diagram for final ATM locator In the fig 4.4 DFD input taken from random population initializer module and one point crossover and mutation operation can be applied on them , once the fitness evaluation based on percentage of population is done. Fig 4.4 Flow diagram of ATM deployment with RGAC 4.3 Sequence Diagram Sequence diagram is a chart of sequence of message. They are called as interaction diagrams as they provide information about inter-process operation in order. Here object interactions are time specific. One scenario is built from objects and classes. The messages are exchanged sequentially between objects for performing particular task in the scenario. They are called as event scenarios or event diagrams because they are arranged in time sequence. Sequence diagrams consist of use case realizations built from logical of system which is under implementation. In sequence diagrams various processes or objects that are running parallel are shown by vertical lines also called as lifelines and messages exchange is denoted by horizontal arrows, in orderly fashion based on time. This can be shown in terms of graphical view. If the vertical line is object it shows a role. It is compulsory to denote instance name, if it is blank it will consider it as anonymous or unnamed instance. Messages with horizontal arrows with message name on top of arrow show interaction. Synchronous calls represented by solid arrow, asynchronous messages are denoted with open arrow and reply message with dashed lines. If a sender sends message is synchronous then it must wait until message completes and invoke a subroutine. In asynchronous direct response is generated. Such kind of direct response with asynchronous message is seen in multithreaded applications and also implemented in message oriented middleware. Processes that are performed after response to message are shown with activation boxes or method call boxes. They are present on top of vertical lines and are opaque rectangle. New activation boxes are shown if it indicates next level of processing and objects invoking functions on themselves use messages. Objects destroyed are shown with X on top of vertical lines and dashed lines are ceased drawn below. Following fig 4.5 shows sequence diagram of ATM deployment in terms of client server activity. Here Clients are user. Clients has to select initial area for study, hence first step is to enter the latitude and longitude of each location from which area is build from i.e. top, bottom, left and right corners of area. This data is stored in database and it is shown at server side for further operation. After this selection process this area is represented in terms of grids for studying smaller part of the area. For this purpose this grid is partitioned into sub grids. Now for this selected area subparts random initialization population can be done and randomly ATM machines are placed. After evaluating the percentage of population of each grid, and applying algorithm for taking more accurate points, for highly dense areas ATM is placed. Fig. 4.5 Sequence diagram 4.4 Use Case Diagram UML (use case diagrams) diagrams are type of behavioral diagrams designed and defined by Use case analysis. It provides graphical representation of functionality of system in terms actors, they are use cases and use case dependencies. The goal of use case diagram is to show role of each actor and these roles are depicted. Actors and authentication server are two actors. The interaction of user with system is done with use cases by forming topology, transmission range is selected and source and sink also selected. Actors are a person, organization or it can be an external agent/system that plays a role in system interactions. Sequence of actions providing information about actor is described with use case and graphically shown with horizontal ellipse. Following figures shows use case diagrams for ATM deployment. Fig. 4.7 Use case diagram for Initialization Fig. 4.8 Use case diagram for fitness calculation Fig 4.9 Use case diagram for ATM locator M.Tech/Dept of CSE, SJBIT 1